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BIOL 307 lab > Appendicular skeleton > Flashcards

Appendicular skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

What are 3 major components of the appendicular skeleton?

A

pectoral girdle
pelvic girdle
limbs

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2
Q

What are the 2 components of the pectoral girdle?

A

endochondral/cartilage replacement
dermal bone

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3
Q

What are the bones in the cartilage replacement of the pectoral girdle?

A

coracoid
scapula
suprascapula

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4
Q

What are the bones in the dermal investing of the pectoral girdle?

A

clavicle
cleithrum
supracleithrum
post-temporal

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5
Q

T or F: cartilaginous fishes like Chondrichthyes have a pectoral girdle composed of bone

A

false! only cartilaginous elements

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6
Q

What modification do bony fish have that Chondrichthyes lack?

A

dermal elements of the pectoral girdle (bones)

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7
Q

Describe the pectoral girdle in frogs

A

lost most of the dermal bones (ex. cleithrum)

humeral muscles moved to dorsal part of girdle

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8
Q

Describe the pectoral girdle in non-bird reptiles

A

dermal elements (clavicle and sometimes cleithrum) and replacement elements (scapula and part of coracoid) present

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9
Q

Describe the pectoral girdle in birds

A

clavicles (dermal) retained and fuse to form furcula (wishbone)
paracoracoid and scapula present
scapula dorsal to rib cage

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10
Q

Describe the pectoral girdle in mammals

A

loss of coracoid

only two bones present:
- scapula (replacement)
- clavicle (dermal)

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11
Q

What type of mammals may have reduced or absent clavicles?

A

running mammals ex. cats

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12
Q

Which pectoral girdle element is retained in all mammals? what does it look like?

A

scapula - broad, flat plate

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13
Q

What is the function of the scapula?

A

muscular attachment

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14
Q

What composes the pelvic girdle?

A

cartilage replacement bone only

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15
Q

T or F: the pelvic girdle has dermal elements

A

false

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16
Q

In which group is the pelvic girdle a single element and unattached to the vertebral column?

A

fish

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17
Q

What are the 3 main ossification areas of the pelvic girdle in most tetrapods?

A

ilium - wing
ischium - back
pubis - front

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18
Q

in more advanced vertebrates, which becomes the largest pelvic element?

A

the ilium

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19
Q

Pubic fusion occurs in most vertebrates, except which group?

A

birds

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20
Q

What is the largest foramen in the tetrapod body?

A

the obturator foramen in the pelvic girdle = nerve passage, blood vessels, and muscle connections

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21
Q

Is the pelvic girdle of amphibians attached to the vertebral column?

A

yes

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22
Q

Describe the difference between salamander and frog pelvic girdles

A

salamanders have short and more rectangular
frogs have elongated iliums

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23
Q

How is the pelvic girdle modified to allow frogs to jump?

A

a ligament between ilium and sacral vertebra = frees ilium to move separately and strong muscle attachment = strong jumps

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24
Q

Describe the pelvic girdle in non-bird reptiles

A

mostly reduced and fenestrated

large gap between pubis and ischium = leg muscle attachment

ilium is elongated

legless lizards have vestigial pelvic girdle

snakes have lost pelvic girdle entirely

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25
Q

Which group of reptiles have lost the pelvic girdle entirely?

A

snakes

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26
Q

Which group of vertebrates have a mostly reduced pelvic girdle?

A

non-bird reptiles

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27
Q

Why is it beneficial for birds to lack pubic bone fusion?

A

to produce larger eggs

28
Q

How do birds compensate for the lack of pubic bone fusion?

A

their pelvic bones (ilium, ischium, pubis) are fused together = innominate bone and is fused to the sacrum

29
Q

What are the 3 pelvic bones?

A

ilium
ischium
pubis

30
Q

What is the innominate bone?

A

the result of the 3 pelvic bones fusing together

31
Q

Which vertebrate groups have an innominate bone?

A

birds and mammals

32
Q

What allows birds to be bipeds?

A

their expanded ilium and ischium to allow for enlarged muscles for walking on two legs

33
Q

Describe the mammalian pelvic girdle

A

made from the fusion of the 3 pelvic bones = innominate bone

pubic symphysis

34
Q

How does the pelvic girdle of quadruped mammals differ to that of bipeds?

A

quadruped pelvic girdle has an elongated pelvis for more muscle attachment

35
Q

What are the major bones in the forelimb?

A

humerus - upper limb
radius - larger, anterior lower limb
ulna - smaller, posterior lower limb
carpals - wrist bones
metacarpals - proximal digits
phalanges - distil digits

36
Q

What are the major bones of the hindlimbs?

A

femur - thigh
tibia - larger, anterior shank bones
fibula - smaller, posterior shank bones
tarsals - ankle bones
metatarsals - proximal digit bones
phalanges - distil digit bones

37
Q

Which component of the appendicular skeleton are most tetrapods’ limbs more firmly attached? which group(s) is excluded?

A

pelvic girdle

fish = more strongly connected to pectoral

38
Q

Which component of the appendicular skeleton are fishes limbs more firmly attached?

A

pectoral girdle

39
Q

What are fish fins/limbs made of?

A

spines or rays (not the same bones as in fore and hindlimbs of other groups)

40
Q

How are fish fins supported? (ie., are they connected to the skeleton)?

A

except for the caudal fin, there’s no connection between fins and the spine

fins are supported only by muscle

41
Q

What is the function of pectoral fins in fish?

A

allow fish to maintain depth in water by producing lifting forces

in some fish, fins are specialized for ‘walking’ or ‘flying’

42
Q

What is the function of pelvic fins in fish?

A

change direction
stop or turn quickly

43
Q

How are the limbs of amphibians distributed on the body?

A

aside from Caecilians

amphibians have 4 legs spread out on both sides of the body

44
Q

How many digits do amphibians have on their forelimbs? hind limbs?

A

forelimbs: 4 digits

hind limbs: 5 digits

45
Q

How are limbs modified in jumping or swimming frogs?

A

hind limbs are larger than forelimbs

46
Q

How are limbs modified in running or walking amphibians?

A

both fore- and hind limbs are short and similar in length

47
Q

Which vertebrates can regenerate limbs?

A

frogs and salamanders

48
Q

How are non-bird reptile limbs situated on the body?

A

to either side of the body at right-angles

49
Q

T or F: the common ancestor of all reptiles had 4 limbs

A

true

50
Q

Is the lack of limbs in snakes a derived or lost characteristic?

A

secondarily lost characteristic

the common ancestor of all reptiles had 4 limbs

51
Q

Are birds quadrupeds like other reptiles, or bipeds like some mammals?

A

bipeds

52
Q

How have bird forelimbs been modified? What has this been useful for?

A

evolved into wings - useful for flight

53
Q

How have the hind limbs of birds been modified to support bipedalism?

A

many bones are fused to increase strength

54
Q

What are the 3 different walking/weight bearing types?

A

plantigrade
digitigrade
unguligrade (2 types)

55
Q

Describe plantigrades and give an example

A

animals that bear weight on the entire sole of their foot

ex. humans, bears

56
Q

Describe digitigrades and give an example

A

animals that bear weight on only their digits

ex. cats

57
Q

Describe unguligrades and give an example

A

animals that bear weight only on the tip of their digits/toes

ex. horse

58
Q

What are the two types of unguligrades?

A

digit III only - ex. horse

digit III + IV - ex. pig, cow, deer

59
Q

What type of -grade are birds?

A

plantigrades - they use all 4 digits to bear weight when they walk

60
Q

How many digits do birds have in their hind limbs?

A

4

digit I: back
digits II-IV: forward

61
Q

How is the scapula different between quadrupeds and bipeds?

A

quadrupeds: scapula is vertical because forelimbs are beneath the body

bipeds: scapula is horizontal because forelimbs are beside the body

62
Q

How is a vertical scapula an advantageous adaptation for animals that walk on two legs and climb?

A

horizontal scapulas can move with arms/forelimbs as they move forward and backward when running or climbing

63
Q

How are the forelimbs attached in bipeds? how is this evolutionary advantageous?

A

to the sternum via the clavicle

beneficial for animals that climb because it allows arm and chest muscles to pull body weight

64
Q

How are the forelimbs attached in quadrupeds like cats? how is this evolutionary advantageous?

A

there is no connection between clavicle and sternum

cat clavicles are very reduced

instead, forelimbs are connected to sternum via compressible ligaments

cat’s have stronger hind limbs than forelimbs, so there doesn’t need to be strong connection to joints for forelimbs

65
Q

How are quadruped (ex. cat) hind limbs modified for walking on 4 legs?

A

hind limbs are more muscular than forelimbs = provide most of the forward momentum

hindlimbs connect to vertebral column via joints between the innominate bone and the sacrum (3 fused vertebrae) = increases muscular power

66
Q

How is the reduced clavicle in cats beneficial?

A

they can land on their forelimbs from high heights without hurting themselves because there’s no clavicle = instead, soft tissues in the collar and shoulder absorb the landing shock

BIOL 307 lab (9 decks)

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