Insulin diabetes treatment Flashcards

1
Q

Pre-pro insulin

A

Sequence cut off
Insulin folded = disulphide bonds – 2 cystine residues, join A and B region

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2
Q

Storage of insulin

A

Hexamer stabilised by Zn2+ ions
Stable but not active

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3
Q

Types of insulin

A

Animal
Human - DNA technology
Analogues - altered human insulin

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4
Q

Insulin preparations

A

Short-acting: soluble, aspart, glulisine, lispro
Medium-acting: isophane
Long-acting: detemir, glargine

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5
Q

Size of insulin

A

Monomer > dimer > hexamer > aggregates

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6
Q

Humalin I

A

Contains protamine
Clustering of insulin, limiting diffusion

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7
Q

Humanlin S

A

No protamine

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8
Q

Protamine

A

Basic protein
Binds to negatively charged insulin and clusters insulin hexamers

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9
Q

Rapid-acting insulin

A

Insulin aspart: Proline to aspartate substitution in B chain

Insulin lispro: Two substitutions in B chain

Insulin glulisine: Two substitutions in B chain. Asparagine to lysine then glutamic acid

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10
Q

Long-acting insulin

A

Insulin glargine: Contains asparagine to glycine substitution in A chain. Two arginines added to carboxyl end of B chain. Less soluble

Insulin detemir: Covalently attached fatty acids, bind to albumin. Albumin and insulin compete for receptor, prolonging its action. Protects insulin from protease, increasing stability

Insulin degludec: Hexadecanedioc group added to B chain. Albumin binding multi-hexamers.

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11
Q

Injecting insulin

A

Orally ingested insulin degraded by protease
Subcutaneous
Stomach, buttocks, thighs
Rotated to avoid lipohypertrophy
<25C

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12
Q

Insulin pumps

A

Varied dose of rapid-acting insulin

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13
Q

Type 1 therapeutics

A

Islet cell transplantation
Cells injected through catheter in upper abdomen

Stem cell derived beta cells

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