Insulin and diabetes Flashcards
Type 1 diabetes
Loss of insulin production
Type 2 diabetes
Insulin resistance
Diabetes consequeneces
Hyperglycaemia - Loss of glucose uptake
Dyslipidaemia - Loss of insulin repression of lipolysis
Type 1 diabetes characteristics
5-10% of cases
Pancreas produces little/no insulin
Autoimmune disorder
Develop rapidly
Type 2 diabetes characteristics
Insulin-resistant state
Pancreatic beta cells cannot release sufficient insulin
90-95% of cases
Result of lifestyle
Develop over the years
Gestational diabetes
25% affected pregnant women
Develops 2nd trimester
Disappears after childbirth
Due to hormonal changes
Diabetes diagnosing
Fasting glucose test
Random glucose test
Glucose tolerance test
HbA1c
Fasting glucose test
No food for 8-10 hours
Normal: 3.9-5.4 mmol/l (80-99 mg/dl)
Prediabetes impaired: 5.5-6.9 mmol/l (100-125 mg/dl)
Random glucose test
Random glucose value of 11.1 mmol (200 mg/dl) indicates diabetes
Glucose tolerance test
Fast for 8 hours
Plasma measured after 2 hours of drinking 75g glucose drink
Diabetic: 11.1 mmol/l
Impaired glucose tolerance: 7.9-11 mmol/l
HbA1c
Slow and irreversible reaction between Haemoglobin A and glucose
Measure for 3-4 months
Type 2 diabetes test
Type 2 Diabetic: 48 mmol/mol (6.5%)
Risk: 42-47 mmol/mol (6.0-6.4%)
Diabetes diagnosis
Excess urination
Thirst
Fatigue
Chronic diabetes
Retinopathy and blindness
Cerebrovascular disease
Cardiovascular disease
Permanent kidney damage
Foot infections
Peripheral neuropathy
High blood glucose
Urine: Supports yeast growth, genital itching, thrush
Eyes: blurred vision
Body: Tiredness, extreme hunger
Life threatening diabetes
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) complication of type 1
DKA
Lack of insulin enhances fatty acids release from adipocytes
FFAs converted to ketone bodies by liver serve as energy source
DKA
Lack of insulin enhances fatty acids release from adipocytes
FFAs converted to ketone bodies by liver serve as energy source
Ketones cause blood pH to become acidic
High glucose in urine increase electrolyte excretion - dehydration
Acetoacetate and beta hydroxybutyrate
Products of metabolism of fatty acid oxidation
DKA symptoms
thirst
Urinate often
Feeling weak
Dry skin
Nausea, vomiting
Pain in abdomen
Difficulty breathing
DKA treatments
Fluid replacement
Insulin
Mineral replacement
Chronic complications of diabetes
-Microvascular: capillary damage
-Macrovascular: vein & artery damage
Serious complications
Diabetic retinopathy
Diabetic neuropathy
Diabetic neuropathy
Cardiovascular disease
Stroke
Dementia
Diabetic foot
Nerve damage, poor blood flow
Leads to amputations
Pregnancy diabetic risk
Risk of miscarriage
DKA
