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CLINICAL CHEMISTRY > INSTRUMENTATION PROPER part 2 > Flashcards

INSTRUMENTATION PROPER part 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

– electrical energy from a detector is displayed

A

READ-OUT DEVICES

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2
Q

– the output of the detector is used to drive a sensitive meter directly
without further amplification

A

Direct reading system

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3
Q

the output of the detector is balanced against the output of a reference
circuit

A

Null Point System

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4
Q

– numerical display of absorbance or converted values of concentrations

A

Digital Read-out

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5
Q
  • All components are duplicated except the light source
  • The beams of light pass through different components but at the same time
A

Double Beam-In-Space

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6
Q

Uses a light beam chopper (a rotating wheel) – with alternate silvered sections and cut out
sections, inserted after the exit slit.

A

Double Beam-In-Time

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7
Q

FLAME PHOTOMETRY / FLAME EMISSION SPECTROPHOTOMETRY / FILTER PHOTOMETRY:

PRINCIPLE:
It involves the measurement of emitted light when electrons in an atom become ______ by ________
produced by the flame. When these electrons return to their ______ they emit ______ characteristic
of the ions present.

A

excited
heat energy
ground state
light

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8
Q

It is used primarily to determine concentration of sodium, potassium or lithium since these alkali metals
are easy to excite.

A

FLAME PHOTOMETRY / FLAME EMISSION SPECTROPHOTOMETRY / FILTER
PHOTOMETRY

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9
Q

mixture of hydrogen and oxygen gas

A

GASES

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10
Q

– draws sample into the flame

A

Aspirator

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11
Q

creates a fine spray of sample solution to be fed into the flame of the
burner

A

Atomizer (Nebulizer)

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12
Q

provides heat energy for excitation

A

Flame

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13
Q

– aspirate sample directly into the flame, the gases are passed at
high velocity over the end of the capillary suspended in the solution

A

Total Consumption Burner

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14
Q

involves the gravitational feeding of solution through a restricting capillary into an area of high velocity gas flow where small droplets are produced and passed into the flame

A

Premix Burner

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15
Q

transmit yellow light (589 nm)

A

Na filter

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16
Q

transmit violet light (767 nm)

A

K filter

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17
Q

transmit red light (761 nm)

A

Lithium

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18
Q

The Internal Standard in Flame Photometry:

A

Uses Lithium or Cesium

19
Q

ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROPHOTOMETRY (AAS)

PRINCIPLE:
the element is __________ in the flame but merely ____ from its chemical bond and placed in an __________. The atom, at a lower energy level, _________. The light source emits radiant energy to be absorbed by the element.

A

not excited
dissociated
unexcited state
absorbs light

20
Q

Measures the amount of light absorbed by ground state atom

A

ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROPHOTOMETRY (AAS)

21
Q

What light source does AAS use?
CLUE:
which produces a wavelength of light specific for the kind of metal in the cathode

A

hollow cathode lamp

22
Q

modulates light beam coming from the hollow cathode lamp

A

MECHANICAL ROTATING CHOPPER

23
Q

uses flame to dissociate the chemical bonds and form free, unexcited atoms

A

BURNER

24
Q

gases are mixed and the sample is atomized before entering the flame and the large droplets go to waste and not in the flame. It has less noisy signals with longer pathlength and greater absorption and sensitivity.

A

Pre-mix burner

25
Q

selects the desired wavelength from a spectrum of wavelength which could
either be a prism or a diffraction grating.

A

MONOCHROMATOR

26
Q

What type of detector does AAS use?

A

photomultiplier tubes

27
Q

energy emission that occurs when certain compounds absorb electromagnetic radiation, become excited and then return to an energy level that is usually slightly higher than their original level.

A

FLUORESCENCE

28
Q

What do FS use as a light source?

A

Hydrogen discharge lamp of xenon lamp

29
Q

isolates the ultraviolet light

A

Primary filter / Excitation filter

30
Q

isolates secondary emission (filter, prism or diffraction grating)

A

Secondary filter / Emission filter

31
Q

separation of a substance in a pure form and then determining its dry weight

A

GRAVIMETRIC METHOD

32
Q

the unknown sample is made to react with a known solution (titrating agent) in the presence of an indicator

A

VOLUMETRIC / TITRIMETRIC METHOD

33
Q

measurement of the amount of light blocked by a particulate matter suspended in solution (180° to the incident beam)

A

TURBIDIMETRY

34
Q

Used to quantify protein concentration in urine and CSF, used to measure antibiotic sensitivities from cultures, used to detect clot formation in the sample cuvets

A

TURBIDIMETRY

35
Q

detection of light energy scattered or reflected toward a detector that is not in the direct path of the
transmitted light (90° to the incident beam)

A

NEPHELOMETRY

36
Q

it is used to measure the disintegration of a radioisotope per minute

A

SCINTILLATION COUNTER

37
Q

positively charged particles; resemble the nucleus of helium atom with a mass of 4
- Have very little energy

A

Alpha

38
Q

resembles an electron with both negative (β-) and positive (β+) charges but essentially no mass
- Exists in two forms: soft and hard beta

A

Beta

39
Q

a form of electromagnetic energy with no mass, only energy
o Exists in two forms: soft and hard gamma

A

Gamma

40
Q

measures gamma radiation using thallium activated Sodium iodide crystal as scintillator and PM tube as
detector with pre-amplifier circuit

A

Solid Scintillation Counter/ Crystal Scintillation

41
Q

✓ measures beta radiation using liquid flour as scintillator
✓ Used to count radionuclides that emit beta particles

A

Liquid Scintillation Counter

42
Q

an immunologic procedure involving the use of radioisotope

A

RADIOIMMUNOASSAY

43
Q
  1. Unlabelled antigen (Ag) – _______
  2. Radiolabelled antigen (Ag) – ______
  3. Antibody – ___________ for the two antigens
A

substance being analyzed
acts as label
provide binding site

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY (13 decks)

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