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CLINICAL CHEMISTRY > ANALYTICAL METHODS AND INSTRUMENTATION part 2 > Flashcards

ANALYTICAL METHODS AND INSTRUMENTATION part 2 Flashcards

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1
Q
  • when atoms return to the ground state, they emit radiation which lies mainly in the visible region of the spectrum
A

. FLAME PHOTOMETRY

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2
Q
  • each element will emit radiation at a wavelength specific for that element
  • based on the characteristic emission of light by analytes (low oxidation states) which are easily excited when exposed to sufficient
A

FLAME PHOTOMETRY

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3
Q
  • Rule: light intensity = the ________ of atoms = ________ of analyte
A

number
concentration

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4
Q

serves as the LIGHT SOURCE and CUVETTE

A

FLAME

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5
Q
  • measures light absorbed by atoms at a ground state which is reflective of the concentration of the atom
  • intended for analytes which are not easily excited by the flame
A

. ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROPHOTOMETRY

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6
Q

unexcited state of atoms

A
  • ground state
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7
Q

it is used principally for the quantitative determination of metal elements in aqueous and solid samples

A

ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROPHOTOMETRY

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8
Q

What is the light source of AAS?

A

Hollow-cathode lamp

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9
Q

measures light scattered

A

NEPHELOMETRY

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10
Q

detector is at 90’ or 30’ angle from the incident light

A

NEPHELOMETRY

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11
Q

detection of light scattered or reflected toward a detector that is not in the direct path of transmitted light

A

NEPHELOMETRY

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12
Q

some nephelometers are designed to measure scattered light at an angle other than 90’ to take advantage of the __________ -scatter intensity caused by light scattering from large particles

A

increased forward scatter

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13
Q

excitation and detection wavelengths of a nephelometer will be set to the _______

A

same value

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14
Q
  • measures light blocked by particles/ reduced by a particle in the solution
  • amount of light reduced is measured at 180’
  • dependent on the size of particle and wavelength
  • detector in line with the incident light thus, decrease in transmission
  • the higher the concentration, the lower the transmittance (greater the amount of light blocked)
A

TURBIDIMETRY

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15
Q

used to measure the intensity of light scattering

A

turbidimeter

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16
Q

Applications
- microbiology
- hematology

A

. TURBIDIMETRY

17
Q
  • reaction of unknown with an indicator
  • examples: Schales and Schales method (Chloride); EDTA Titration method (Calcium)
A

VOLUMTERY/ TITRIMETRY

18
Q
  • it measures the electrical potential from the activity of free ions
  • also measures the difference in voltage at a constant current
A

POTENTIOMETRY

19
Q
  • it measures the difference in current at a constant voltage
A

. POLAROGRAPHY

20
Q
  • measures the amount of electricity at a fixed potential
A

COULOMETRY

21
Q

it measures the current flow produced during redox reactions

A

AMPEROMETRY

22
Q

separation of molecules according to their density once there is an application of an electric current

A

ELECTROPHORESIS

23
Q

migration of charged solutes or particles in an electric field

A

ELECTROPHORESIS

24
Q

consists of 5 components:
- electrical power
- supporting medium: can be cellulose acetate, agarose gel, starch gel, or polyacrylamide gel
- buffer
- sample
- detecting system

A

ELECTROPHORESIS

25
Q

mixtures are separated, identified and determined according to their movement in the stationary phase
- consist of:
- mobile phase
- stationary phase

A

CHROMATOGRAPHY

26
Q

Chromatography may be ______________ or ___________.

A

Planar or columnar

27
Q
  • clinically used for urine drug test screening
A

Thin Layer

28
Q

used to separate volatile solutes

A

Gas-liquid

29
Q
  • uses pressure for fast separation
  • used to separate hemoglobin, lipids, and drugs
A

High Performance Liquid

30
Q

used for the separation of amino acids, proteins, and nucleic acids

A

Ion Exchange

31
Q

used to separate lipoproteins, carbohydrates, and antibodies

A

Affinity

32
Q
  • the chemical reaction yields an electronically excited compound that emits light as it returns to its ground state, or that transfers its
    energy to another compound, which then produces emission.
A

CHEMILUMINESCENCE

33
Q

light is emitted from the excited product formed in the oxidation reaction
- does not use a light source
- Does not require a monochromator
- requires a photodetector

A

CHEMILUMINESCENCE

34
Q

measures light in chemiluminescence

A

Luminometer

35
Q

Limitations of Chemiluminescence:
1. Light ___________
2. Light ___________
3. High background________from assay reagents and reaction vessels
4. Very high ___________

A

leaks
piping
luminescence
intensity emission

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY (13 decks)

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