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CLINICAL CHEMISTRY > ANALYTICAL METHODS AND INSTRUMENTATION > Flashcards

ANALYTICAL METHODS AND INSTRUMENTATION Flashcards

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1
Q

Red: ______ energy; _______ wavelength

A

lowest
highest

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2
Q

relationship of wavelength to energy:___________ proportional

A

INVERSELY

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3
Q

Violet : ______ energy; _______ wavelength

A

Highest
Lower

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4
Q

Visible light

A

400-700nm

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5
Q

UV light

A

<400

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6
Q

Short wavelength with high energy

A

UV light

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7
Q

Long wavelength with low energy

A

IR light

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8
Q

IR light

A

> 700

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9
Q
  • most common analytical method
  • most common type of assays in clinical chemistry
A

SPECTROPHOTOMETRY

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10
Q

measures the light transmitted by a solution in order to determine the concentration of the light-absorbing analyte

A

SPECTROPHOTOMETRY

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11
Q

different types of colored solutions should be analyzed in different wavelength

A

SPECTROPHOTOMETRY

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12
Q

provides continuous spectrum of polychromatic light

A

Light source

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13
Q

Tungsten-halogen, Tungsten-iodide lamp

A

Visible to infrared

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14
Q

Mercury-arc, Xenon lamp, Deuterium-discharge lamp

A

UV region

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15
Q

allows the entry of a narrow beam of radiant energy or light energy

A

Entrance slit

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16
Q

minimizes stray light or unwanted light

A

Entrance slit

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17
Q

light that enters and exits the entrance slit

A

Polychromatic light

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18
Q
  • polychromatic light reaches it but monochromatic light comes from the monochromator
A

Monochromator/Wavelength selector

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19
Q

disperses polychromatic light into its separate wavelengths

A

Monochromator/Wavelength selector

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20
Q
  • isolates a specific wavelength of interest
A

Monochromator/Wavelength selector

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21
Q

controls the width of light beam or bandpass

A

. Exit slit

22
Q
  • holds the solution containing the analyte to be measured
A

Sample cuvette/ holder

23
Q

round-end cuvette

A

Sample holder/cuvette

24
Q

Which is more preferred, round or square cuvette?

A

Square-end

25
Q

measures and converts the transmitted light into an equivalent amount of electrical energy

A

Detector

26
Q

Is the most sensitive Detector.

A

Photomultiplier tube

27
Q

measure the magnitude of the current that is generated by the detector

A

Read-out Device/ Meter

28
Q
  • measures current of electrical energy
A

Read-out Device/ Meter

29
Q

Governed by BEER’S LAW:

A

Read-out Device/ Meter

30
Q
  • the concentration of a substance is ____________ proportional to the light absorbed
A

DIRECTLY

31
Q
  • the amount of energy absorbed or transmitted by a solution is ____________ to the solution’s molar absorptivity and the concentration of solute
A

proportionalq

32
Q

o Absorbed light is DIRECTLY proportional
o Transmitted light is __________ proportional

A

INVERSELY

33
Q

Measures transmitted light directly

A

Read-out Device/ Meter

34
Q

Absorbance is a ______ value form the transmitted light; absorbance is indirectly measured

A

DERIVED

35
Q

makes one measurement at a time at one specific wavelength; simplest type of spectrophotometer

A

Single beam

36
Q

contains two cuvettes or sample holders where one is for the specimen and the other is for reference solution of standard

A

Double beam

37
Q

splits the monochromatic light into two components which pass through two cuvettes or sample holders

A

Double beam

38
Q

all in internal component is duplicated except the light source
- instrument with 2 photodetectors

A

. Double beam in space

39
Q
  • only the sample holder or cuvettes are duplicated
A

Double beam in time

40
Q
  • one at a time detection by a single photodetector
A

Double beam in time

41
Q

alternately passes the monochromatic light through the sample cuvette and then the reference cuvette

A

Double beam in time

42
Q
  • a technique that utilizes the phenomenon of molecular fluorescence
  • involves measurement of emitted fluorescent light
A

FLUOROMETRY

43
Q

absorb light and emit light in a longer wavelength; the emission of electromagnetic radiation that occurs when a molecule absorbs light at one wavelength and reemits light at a longer wavelength, when it returns to ground state with the excitation
event caused by photo illumination

A
  • Fluorescence
44
Q

emitted light has the same wavelength to the absorbed light

A

Phosphorescence

45
Q

molecule that fluoresces (in all direction
- has an absorption spectra @WL 300-700 nm

A

Fluorophore

46
Q

released from light source which has high energy with shorter wavelength that will pass through
entrance slit aka attenuator will control the amount of light that will reach the excitation monochromator which is responsible for
isolating a particular wavelength of excitation light that is best absorbed by the analyte of interest.

A

Excitation light or Excited light:

47
Q

the specific wavelength of excitation light will pass through the _______ and through the _____ which contains the analyte of interest

A

exit slit
sample

48
Q

Molecules in the sample will _______ excitation light and they will become excited. When the molecular energy of molecules is higher than the heat of the environment, it will release excess energy in the form of __________ in all directions.

A

absorb
fluorescence

49
Q
  • detects even the lowest energy level of light and amplifies more light compared to the PMT
  • more ideal in molecular studies
A
  • charge couple detector
50
Q
  • presence of molecules that absorbs or steals the fluorescence of the analyte leading to decrease fluorescence
A

Quenching

51
Q

increase temperature resulting to more collisions in solutions thus, energy molecules will be converted to heat energy instead of
fluorescence hence, decrease fluorescence

A

Temperature

52
Q
  • relationship of temperature to fluorescence —-> ________ proportional
A

inversely

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY (13 decks)

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