Instrument Apch Procedures Flashcards
Transition segment
- route followed from the en-route phase to the IAF
- also know as the feeder route
- starts at an en route fix
- ends at IAF
- IAP will show feeder route with its minimum altitude, course and distance to IAF
5 segments of instrument approach
- Transition segment
- Initial approach segment
- Intermediate approach segment
- Final approach segment
- Missed approach segment
Initial approach segment
Aircraft is positions aircraft inbound for the approach Commences at the IAF Consists of: - particular bearing or radial - DME arc - procedure turn - radar vector
Intermediate approach segment
- positions aircraft for final descent
- all cockpit checks should be completed
- ends at the FAF
Final approach segment
Begins at the FAF
Final descent is started
Non precision approach (FAF is a fix)
- DME
- cross radial
- outer marker/NDB
Precision approach
- FAF is glide slope intercept also known as a final approach point
FAF on chart is noted with a Maltese cross
Start time at FAF to assist in determining arrival at the MAP
Pilot must not descend below minimum permitted altitude unless visual
Final approach may be made to a runway for straight in landing or a circle to land maneuver
- circle to land always when not within 30 degrees to the runway
Missed approach segment
Begins at MAP
Segment takes you to a hold where you may rejoin en-route or retry approach
Non precision approach MAP is defined by:
- a fix
- facility
- or by timing
Precision approach:
- MAP is DH on GS
- allows pilot to transition from IFR to VFR
If not visual by MAP, you must execute the missed approach procedure:
- always start with a climb or climbing turn
If you want to execute an early missed approach, you may commence a climb at anytime, but do not turn:
- equipment failure
- RAIM
- Skill
On a non-precision approach the pilot may descend to MDA before reaching the MAP in the hopes of becoming visual earlier
Instrument approach charts
Elements (use JEPPS legend)
header
Briefing strip
- frequencies
- final course, DH/MDA
A plan view of the approach and missed approach
A profile view of the approach and missed approach
Holding procedures associated with the approach
Necessary airport and topographical information pertinent to safe flight
Straight in minimums, circling minimums
Each airport also has an airport information page
A landing chart, showing runway layout
Copter approach AIM 10-1-2 (1-3)
Helicopter approaches which bring minimums down for helicopter use
- helicopters must maintain cat A performance to fly a copter approach
Copter approach to a specific site AIM 10-1-3
- approach is aligned to a MAP, which landing can be accomplished with maximum course correction of 30 degrees
- pilot must have visual of landing site at or before MAP
- maintain published visibility throughout the visual segment
- reach MAP advise ATC wether proceeding visual and canceling IFR or complying with MAP instructions
Copter approach to a point in space (PINS approach)
- MAP is located more than 2 SM from landing site
- requires turns greater than 30 degrees
- proceed VFR from MAP or conduct the specified MAP
- must be able to safely transition from IFR to VFR or execute a missed approach
- visual contact with landing site is not required however you must maintain the higher of VFR weather minimums
- reach MAP advise ATC wether proceeding visually and canceling IFR or complying with MAP instructions
Visual illusions on approach
Runway slope
An upward sloping runway creates the illusion of being to high
- this might cause you to get too low and make a shallower than normal approach
A downward sloping runway creates the illusion of being to low
- this might cause you to get too high and make a steeper than normal approach
Visual illusions on approach
Runway size and shape
- a runway that is larger than normal (too wide or too long) will appear to be closer than it really is
- a runway that is smaller than normal will appear to be further away than it really is
- a wider than normal runway will cause the illusion of being too low
- a narrow runway will cause the illusion of being to high
STARS (standard terminal arrival routes)
- is a published IFR procedure that provides transition from the en route structure leading into the instrument approach
- a published textual and diagrammatic form to simplify clearance delivery procedures
- ATC may issue a STAR without a specific request for it
- to accept a STAR you must have at least a textual description in cockpit
- STARS are not approach clearances, you must not descend below the last assigned altitude until you received an approach clearance
