FAR Part 91 Flashcards
91.3 Responsibility and authority of the pilot in command
The pilot in command of an aircraft is directly responsible for, and is the final authority as to the operation of that aircraft
- may deviate from any rule to meet an emergency
- upon request of the administrator send a written report of that deviation
Part 91
General operating and flight rules
91.21 Portable electronic devices
No person may operate any portable electronic devices on any aircraft operating under IFR (any device that transmits or receives a signal)
91.103 Pre-flight action
FADWAR
Fuel requirements Aircraft capabilities/performance Delays (any known delays) Weather reports and forecasts Alternates Runway lengths
91.131 Operations in class B airspace (c)
For IFR operations you need an operable VOR or TACAN receiver or and operable and suitable RNAV system
91.167 fuel requirements for flight in IFR conditions
Complete flight to first airport of intended landing and fly to alternate plus an additional 30 minutes UNLESS you don’t need an alternate
1. Don’t need an alternate if:
- destination airport has an instruments approach and
- weather at ETA plus 1 hour is forecast;
Ceiling 1000’ above elevation of airport or
400’ above lowest applicable approach minimum, which ever is highest
2 SM visibility
91.169 IFR flight plan information required
If alternate is required
- alternate has an instrument approach then:
- at ETA ceiling must be 200’ above approach to be flown and 1 SM visibility but not less then the minimum visibility on the approach plate
- alternate without an instrument approach then:
- ceiling and visibility must allow descent from MEA in VFR to airport
Cancelation of flight plan:
- PIC can call FSS or ARTCC before or after landing at an airport without a tower
- automatically cancelled if at a towered airport and flight is complete
91.171 VOR equipment check for IFR operations
VODGA Recorded in log book every 30 days (SPED) Signature Place Error Date
91.173 ATC clearance and flight plan requirements
No person may operate under IFR unless;
- filed an IFR flight plan
- received appropriate ATC clearance
91.175 Take off and landing under IFR
Take off:
- no minimums for part 91
- pilot should use approach minimums incase of emergency landing
Landings:
Use published approach procedures down to your DA or MDA
In order to descend below DA or MDA;
- aircraft must be in constant position to land using normal maneuvers
- visibility is not less than prescribed (helicopters can cut visibility in half but not less than 1/4 mile or 1200’ RVR
- only if CAT A
Visual references required to descend below MDA;
- threshold
- threshold markings
- threshold lights
- runway end identifier lights
- visual approach slop indicator
- touchdown zone or touchdown zone markings
- touchdown zone lights
- runway or runway markings
- runway lights
If part of the ALS is visible, then descend down to 100’ above the TZ until red terminating bars or side row bars are visible or other visual reference is identified
91.177 Minimum altitudes for IFR
No aircraft may operate below MEA or MOCA
Otherwise
- mountainous areas 2000’ above highest obstacle within 4 NM
- other areas 1000’ above highest obstacle within 4NM
Climbs:
- begin right after passing point for which altitude was prescribed
- or the MCA
MEA (minimum en-route altitude):
- ensures NAV and COMM signal along the entire route
MOCA (minimum obstacle clearance altitude):
- ensures obstacle clearance, but only ensures NAV and COMM signals within 22 SM of the station
MCA (minimum crossing altitude):
- must be at that altitude when crossing that point
Grid MORA (minimum off route altitude):
- provides an obstacle clearance within a latitude and longitude grid block, usually of one degree by one degree. They are presented in feet, omitting the last two figures.
- example 7,600 feet is given as 76.
- Grid MORA values clear all terrain and obstructions by 1000’ in areas where highest elevations are 5000’ MSL or lower. MORA values clear all terrain by 2000’ in areas where the highest elevations are 5001’ MSL or higher
91.179 IFR cruising altitudes
WEEO (no + 500)
91.181 course to be flown
- unless authorized by ATC
- must fly federal airway along centerline
- on another route must fly directly between fixes
- in VFR conditions aircraft is allowed to maneuver to avoid other aircraft ATC can override this
91.183 IFR radio communications (5-3-2)
(MARVELOUS)
(LEP)
(IPTATEN)
PIC of aircraft under IFR must continuously monitor appropriate frequency and shall report: - In radar contact, or not in radar contact M- missed approach A- altitude changes R- reaching a clearance limit/hold V- VFR on top altitude change E- estimated true airspeed change +/- 10kts or 5% whichever is higher L- leaving a clearance limit or fix O- outage of NAV of COMM equipment (7600) U- unable to climb/descend 500fpm S- safety of flight Not in radar contact: L- leaving FAF or outer marker E- estimated arrival time change or +/- 3 min P- position reports Position reports: I- ID (70562) P- position (over TFD VOR) T- time A- altitude T- type of flight plan E- ETA and name of next reporting point N- name of following point
91.185 IFR two way radio communications failure
(AVEF)
(MEA)
Step 1 check radio Step 2 squawk 7600 Step 3 if in VFR conditions, maintain VFR and land as soon as practical Step 4 if in IFR conditions or unable to maintain VFR, consider the following 1. Route 2. Altitude 3. Clearance limit Route (AVEF): A- assigned V- vectored E- expected F- filed Must use these in order. Re-evaluate AVEF in order, upon reaching each fix Altitude: (MEA) MEA Expected Assigned - use highest for each segment flown Upon the fix re-evaluate in order
