Insights Environment 2 Flashcards
Smog
The term smog was first used by Dr H A Des Voeux.
2. Smog is a condition of fog that had soot or smoke in it.
One of the primary components of photochemical smog is
ozone.
Mycoremediation
is a form of bioremediation in which fungi are used to decontaminate the area.
__________ is a water remediation technique that involves the uptake of contaminants by plant roots
Rhizofiltration
Phytoextraction / phytoaccumulation
is the process by which plants accumulate contaminants into the roots and above ground shoots or leaves.
Phytotransformation or phytodegradation
refers to the uptake of organic contaminants from soil, sediments, or water and their transformation to more stable, less toxic, less mobile form.
Phytostabilization
is a technique in which plants reduce the mobility and migration of contaminated soil. Leachable constituents are adsorbed and bound into the plant structure so that they form unstable mass of plant from which the contaminants will not re-enter the environment.
International Solar Alliance (ISA)
ISA’s vision to enable
It was established under Paris Declaration.All members of the United Nations can join the International Solar Alliance (ISA).
One World, One Sun, One Grid
ISA Signatories
75
The Sun emits energy that is transmitted to Earth. Because the Sun is very hot, the energy is emitted in high energy _________ that penetrate the Earth’s atmosphere.
short wavelengths
About _____ of the Sun’s energy is reflected directly back into space by the atmosphere, clouds, and surface of the Earth.
30%
Black carbon warms the Earth by absorbing heat in the atmosphere and by _________ when deposited on snow and ice.
reducing albedo, (the ability to reflect sunlight)
Short-lived climate pollutants
Short-lived climate pollutants are powerful climate forcers that remain in the atmosphere for a much shorter period of time than carbon dioxide (CO2), yet their potential to warm the atmosphere can be many times greater.
45% of current global warming
The short-lived climate pollutants black carbon, methane, tropospheric ozone, and hydrofluorocarbons
Climate “forcings”
are factors in the climate system that either increase or decrease the effects to the climate system.
Positive forcings such as ______ warm the earth while negative forcings, such as ______ theactually cool the earth.
excess greenhouse gases,
effects of most aerosols and volcanic eruptions,
highest Global warming potential?
Sulfur Hexafluoride
Ocean acidification is
the lowering of ocean pH driven by the uptake of carbon compounds by the ocean from the atmosphere.
The ocean currently has a pH around
8.0 and is therefore ‘basic’
Which of the following greenhouse gases (GHG) are covered under Kyoto Protocol?
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
- Methane (CH4)
- Nitrous oxide (N2O)
- Nitrogen trifluoride (NF3)
GHGs:
carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), sulphur hexafluoride (SF6), and nitrogen trifluoride (NF3)
In its Annex B, the Kyoto Protocol _________ emission reduction targets for 37 industrialized countries and economies in transition and the European Union.
sets binding
Ozone depleting potential is a measure of how much damage a chemical can cause to the ozone layer compared with a similar mass of ___________
trichlorofluoromethane (CFC-11).
Montreal Protocol substances
The protocol covers over 200 individual substances with a high ozone-depleting potential (ODP)
Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer
Adopted on 15 September 1987, the Protocol is to date the only UN treaty ever that has been ratified every country on Earth - all 198 UN Member States.
The Multilateral Fund for the Implementation of the
Montreal Protocol was established in 1991 under Article 10 of the treaty.
The Multilateral Fund Objective
The Fund’s objective is to provide financial and technical assistance to developing country parties to the Montreal Protocol whose annual per capita consumption and production of ODS is less than 0.3 kg to comply with the control measures of the Protocol.
The Multilateral Fund’s activities are implemented by four international agencies -
UN Environment Programme (UNEP) , UN Development Programme (UNDP), UN Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) and the World Bank - as well as bilateral agencies of non-Article 5 countries.
Polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs)?
They provide a surface which converts benign forms of chlorine into reactive, ozone-destroying forms.
2. They remove nitrogen compounds that moderate the destructive impact of chlorine.
PSCs form poleward of about ______________during the winter and early spring. The clouds are classified into Types I and II according to their particle size and formation temperature.
60°S latitude in the altitude range 10 km to 25 km
India’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC)?
- To reduce the emissions intensity of its GDP by 33 to 35 per cent by 2030 from 2005 level.
- To create an additional carbon sink of 2.5 to 3 billion tonnes of CO2 equivalent through
additional forest and tree cover by 2030. - To achieve about 40 per cent cumulative electric power installed capacity from non-fossil fuel-
based energy resources by 2030.
Perform, Achieve and Trade (PAT)
- Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE).
- Each Energy Saving Certificates or ESCerts is equal to 1 metric tonne of oil (MTOe).
- energy intensive industries in the country.
The National Adaptation Fund for Climate Change (NAFCC) is a
National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) is the National Implementing Entity (NIE).
1. Central Sector Scheme.
2.support concrete adaptation activities which mitigate the
adverse effects of climate change.
International Platform on Sustainable Finance (IPSF)
The objective of the IPSF is to scale up the mobilization of private capital towards
environmentally sustainable investments.
(IPSF) composition
the European Union launched together with relevant authorities of Argentina, Canada, Chile, China, India, Kenya and Morocco the International Platform on Sustainable Finance (IPSF)
Climate Technology Centre and Network (CTCN)
The CTCN promotes the accelerated transfer of environmentally sound technologies for low carbon and climate resilient development.The United Nations Environment Programme (UN Environment) hosts the CTCN in collaboration with the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) and the support of a consortium of partners that are engaged in some 1,500 activities related to climate technologies in over 150 countries.
Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI)
It is not an intergovernmental organization.
The CDRI was launched by the Prime Minister of India at the UN Climate Action Summit in 2019.
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD)
- It is the sole legally binding international agreement linking environment and development to sustainable land management.
- COP has been meeting biennially since 2001.
Shannon-Wiener diversity index
- It is a measure of diversity that combines species richness and their relative abundances.
- India State of the Forest Report 2019 assessed Shannon-Weiner Index for 16 bio-diverse areas.
highest Net change in carbon stock in India?
Soil organic carbon
Blue carbon
Blue carbon is the carbon stored in coastal and marine ecosystems.
1. 83% of the global carbon cycle is circulated through the ocean.
2. Coastal habitats account for approximately half of the total carbon sequestered in ocean
sediments.
National Solar Mission
deploying 1,00,000 MW of grid connected solar power by 2022.
The target of NSA will principally comprise of ______ Rooftop and _____- through Large and Medium Scale Grid Connected Solar Power Projects.
40 GW
60 GW
NSA - To achieve ______ million sq. meters solar thermal collector area by 2017 and ____- million by 2022.
15
20
NSA _ To deploy _________ solar lighting systems for rural areas by 2022.
20 million
Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC)
ECBC 2017 was developed by BEE with technical support from United States Agency for International Development (USAID) under the U.S.-India bilateral Partnership to Advance Clean Energy – Deployment Technical Assistance (PACE-D TA) Program.Launched by Ministry of Power, Government of India in May 2007,
In order for a building to be considered ECBC-compliant, it would need to demonstrate minimum energy savings of __________
f 25%.
Greenhouse Gas Bulletin is released by
World Meteorological Organisation (WMO)
Environment Performance Index
India secured 168 rank in the 12th edition of the biennial Environment Performance Index
(EPI Index 2020).
Yale University
Bharat Stage Emission Standards
The movement from BS-IV to BS-VI will cut down the Particulate matter emissions by 89 percent for BS-6 diesel vehicles.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Created in 1988 by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP),
The IPCC currently has 195 members
Taj Trapezium Zone (TTZ)
area of 10,400 sq km around the Taj Mahal to protect the monument from pollution.
The TTZ comprises monuments including three World Heritage Sites the Taj Mahal, Agra Fort and Fatehpur Sikri.
CITES Washington Convention
- regulate worldwide commercial trade in wild animal and plant species
- It is legally binding.
3.It classifies plants and animals according to three categories, or appendices, based on
how threatened.
Kyoto mechanisms
Clean development mechanism (CDM) Joint implementation (JI) Emissions trading (ET)
Biodiversity Management Committees (BMC)
statutory body under the Biological Diversity Act 2002.
The main function of the BMC is to prepare People’s Biodiversity Register in consultation with the local people.
Conservation Assured | Tiger Standards (CA|TS)
- CA|TS is a set of criteria which allows tiger sites to check if their management will lead to successful tiger conservation.
- There is no site/protected area in India that is been CA|TS approved.
seven pillars and 17 elements of critical management activity.
two sites that are CA|TS approved;
Chitwan National Park in Nepal and Sikhote-Alin Nature Reserve in Russia.
Aichi Targets
adopted by the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) at its Nagoya conference
Strategic Goal A: of AT
Address the underlying causes of biodiversity loss by mainstreaming biodiversity across government and society
Strategic Goal B of AT
Reduce the direct pressures on biodiversity and promote sustainable use.
Strategic Goal C of AT
To improve the status of biodiversity by safeguarding ecosystems, species
and genetic diversity.
Strategic Goal D of AT
Enhance the benefits to all from biodiversity and ecosystem services.
Strategic Goal E of AT
Enhance implementation through participatory planning, knowledge management and capacity building.
CRZ Rules are made by the ________ implementation is to be ensured by state governments through their ____________
Union environment ministry,
Coastal Zone Management Authorities.
Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2019
The Wetlands Authority within a state is the nodal authority for all wetland-specific authorities in a state/UT
Prohibited activities of wetland rules
- setting up of industry
- dumping solid waste
- encroachment
Comprehensive Environmental Pollution Index (CEPI)
The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) has developed
> 70- critically polluting
National Clean Energy Fund (NCEF)
- It is a fund created in 2010-11 using the carbon tax i.e, clean energy cess.
- The Fund is designed as a non-lapsable fund under Public Accounts.
Environment Education, Awareness and Training
The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change coordinates this Central Sector Scheme
Launched under the Environment Education Awareness and Training (EEAT), the
National Green Corps (NGC) popularly known as “a programme of Ecoclubs”
Animal Welfare Board of India
- It is a statutory advisory body under established under the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960
The Animal Welfare Board of India was started under the stewardship of Late Smt.
Rukmini Devi Arundale
Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority (CAMPA) act.
Supreme Court of India ordered for establishment of Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority (CAMPA) in 2001.
The law establishes the National Compensatory Afforestation Fund under the Public Account of India.
1995 Basel Ban Amendment
global waste dumping prohibition .
to protect ppl from the affect of hazardous waste
The amendment prohibits all export of hazardous wastes from the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) to non-OECD countries.
Basel Ban does not address the movement
of radioactive waste
(MOSAiC) expedition
- Vishnu Nandan
- German research vessel Polarstern
- Spearheaded by the Alfred Wegener Institute in Germany.
- It is the largest ever Arctic expedition in history.
Green Climate Fund (GCF)
It was set up by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 2010
Bonn Convention
migratory species.
signed in germany
India hoster 13th conference of parties to the convention of migratory species
Urial
wild sheep from Central Asia
International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
IUCN was founded in October 1948 as the International Union for the Protection of Nature (or IUPN) following an international conference in Fontainebleau, France
Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI)
india is a partner country and not a member state
In India, snow leopard’s geographical range encompasses the states of
Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal
Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh.
Garbage-free star rating
The Star Rating Protocol was launched by the Ministry of Housing & Urban Affairs
5 star winner - Ambikarpur, Surat, Rajkot, Mysuru, Indore and Navi Mumbai
Climate Investment Funds (CIF)
Clean Technology Fund (CTF)
- Forest Investment Program (FIP)
- Scaling up Renewable Energy in low-income countries Program (SREP)
- Pilot Program for Climate Resilience (PPCR)
Special Climate Change Fund (SCCF)
It was established in response to guidance from the UNFCCC Conference of the Parties (COP7) in Marrakech.
2. The SCCF is open to all vulnerable developing countries.
Global Environment Facility (GEF)
- It was established on the eve of the 1992 Rio Earth Summit.
- GEF funds are available to developing countries and countries with economies in transition.
- The World Bank serves as the GEF Trustee.
The GEF serves as a “financial mechanism” to five conventions:
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.
The conventions, for which the GEF serves as financial mechanism, provide broad strategic guidance to the two governing bodies of the GEF:
the GEF Council and the GEF Assembly.
‘#iCommit’ initiative, driven by ___________(EESL), under the administration of ___________is uniting a diverse set of players such as Governments, Corporates, Multilateral and Bilateral Organisations, Think Tanks and Individuals.
Energy Efficiency Services Limited
Ministry of Power, Government of India
The ‘#iCommit’ initiative is centred around the idea of building an
energy resilient future.
REDD+
Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+)
It creates a financial value for the carbon stored in forests by offering incentives for developing countries to reduce emissions from forested lands.
Developing countries would receive results-based payments for results-based actions.
(REDD+)
Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation
(SATAT)
- Sustainable Alternative Towards Affordable Transportation
- setting up of Compressed Bio-Gas production plants
- The initiative was launched in October 2018 by the Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas in association with Public Sector Undertaking (PSU) Oil Marketing Companies (OMC) viz. Indian Oil Corporation Ltd., Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd. and Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Ltd.
Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB)
The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB) was launched by Germany and the European Commission in 2007. It is a study led by Pavan Sukhdev.
5 Deliverables
Earth Overshoot Day is hosted and calculated by
Global Footprint Network
To determine the date of Earth Overshoot Day for each year, Global Footprint Network calculates the number of days
of that year that Earth’s biocapacity suffices to provide for humanity’s Ecological Footprint
BioCarbon Fund Initiative for Sustainable Forest Landscapes (ISFL)
supported by donor governments and managed by the World Bank.
RPL under
Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana
Leopard in India
IUCN Red List.
there is 60 percent rise in Leopard population
The ______________, a registered society is monitoring and overseeing the welfare and protection of PVTGs, whereas, the _____________- is taking care of the welfare and wellbeing of Nicobarese tribe.
Andaman Adim Janjati Vikas Samiti (AAJVS),
Dy. Commissioner, Nicobars District through Integrated Tribal Development Authority (ITDA)
Information Fusion Centre – Indian Ocean Region (IFC-IOR)
linkages with 18 countries and 15 maritime/ multinational security centers
The IFC has been established at the Navy’s Information Management and Analysis Centre (IMAC) in
Gurugram
have already been integrated into the country’s coastal radar chain network.
Mauritius, Seychelles and Sri Lanka
nodal office for maritime data fusion
IMAC
India’s First rescue and rehabilitation centre for monkeys was set up in
Himachal Pradesh
joint naval exercise CORPAT is conducted between India and
indonasia
SAGAR
SAGAR (Security And Growth for All in the Region),
longest coastline in India
Andaman and Nicobar
shortest coastline
Daman and Diu.
Human Freedom Index
Cato Institute and Fraser Institute
Asia-Pacific Broadcasting Union
India is represented by Doordarshan and All India Radio.
Special leave to appeal by the Supreme Court
Article 136
Cabinet Committee on Security is chaired by
Prime Minister
Himalayan serow
‘vulnerable’ in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
Chandra X-ray Observatory
NASA
For wild animals in Schedule II, III or IV,_________ or authorized officers can permit their hunting
chief wildlife warden
National Board for Wildlife chaired by
The PM
|It has 47 members including the Prime Minister. Among these, 19 members are ex-officio members. Other members include three Members of Parliament (two from Lok Sabha and one from Rajya Sabha), five NGOs and 10 eminent ecologists, conservationists and environmentalists.
NGT
Natural Justice
Permaculture
Bill Mollison and David Holmgren coined the word Permaculture in 1978.
It is set of design principles centered on whole systems thinking, simulating, or directly
utilizing the patterns and resilient features observed in natural ecosystems.
