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Veterinary Anatomy 1 > Innervation of the Hindlimb (+ blood supply) > Flashcards

Innervation of the Hindlimb (+ blood supply) Flashcards

Origin, innervation, function, reflexes, and damage to nerves associated with the hindlimb

1
Q

Where do the nerves of the hindlimb come from?

A

lumbosacral plexus

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2
Q

Which nerve supplies sensory info to medial aspect of thigh, stifle and leg?

A

saphenous nerve

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3
Q

Which nerve has no cutaneous branches and innervates medial group muscles of the thigh and adductors?

A

obturator nerve

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4
Q

Injury of which nerve is common in cows in parturition (labor) or excess abduction, the injured limb slides laterally on a smooth surface?

A

obturator nerve

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5
Q

This nerve affects the gastrocnemius, SDF, DDF?

injury if this nerve makes the animal unable to bear weight with inability to extend the hock, even loss of sensation on caudal aspect of pes?

A

tibial nerve

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6
Q

What does the sciatic nerve cutaneously innervate?

A

caudolateral thigh and crus

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7
Q

Which nerve provides innervation to the muscles of the lower leg and foot.?

A

Tibial nerve

Specifically: triceps surae (the two headed gastocnemius and soleus), plantaris, Popliteus, tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus and flexor hallucis longus. It also has articular and cutaneous branches.

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8
Q

The lumbosacral plexus comprises the ventral branches of spinal nerves ____ through ____.

A

L4-S3

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9
Q

Where does the lumbosacral plexus provide sensory and motor innervation?

A
  • the rump
  • pelvic limb
  • inguinal & perineal regions
  • tail
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10
Q

What 4 lumbar nerves have less clinical importance for the hindlimb (ability to cause lameness)?

A
  • Iliohypogastric nerve
  • Ilioinguinal nerve
  • Genitofemoral nerve
  • Lateral cutaneous femoral nerve
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11
Q

What are the 6 nerves of the lumbar plexus?

A
  • Iliohypogastric nerve
  • Ilioinguinal nerve
  • Gentitofemoral nerve
  • Lateral cutaneous femoral nerve
  • Femoral nerve
  • Obturator nerve
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12
Q

How many lumbar spinal nerves are in the dog and cat?

A

7

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13
Q

How many lumbar spinal nerves are in the horse, pigs, and ruminants?

A

6

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14
Q

Why are the ventral branches of the lumbar spinal nerves considered clinically important?

A

They are often anaesthetized with local anesthetic to facilitate abdominal and pelvic surgery

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15
Q

What is the ORIGIN of the Iliohypogastric nerve?

A

ventral branch of L1

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16
Q

Where does the cranial iliohypogastric nerve innervate?

6 motor, 1 sensory

A

(MOTOR)
- Quadratus Lumborum
- Psoas minor
- Internal abdominal oblique
- External abdominal oblique
- Transverse abdominus
- Rectus abdominus

(SENSORY)
- Peritoneum

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17
Q

What is the origin of the caudal iliohypogastric nerve?

A

L2

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18
Q

Where does the caudal iliohypogastric nerve innervate?

5 motor, 1 sensory

A

(MOTOR)
- Quadratus Lumborum
- Iliopsoas
- Internal abdominal oblique
- External abdominal oblique
- Transverse abdominus

(SENSORY)
- Lateral abdominal wall

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19
Q

What is the origin of the Ilioinguinal nerve?

A

L3

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20
Q

Where does the ilioinguinal nerve innervate?

1 motor, 1 sensory

A

(MOTOR)
- Cremaster

(SENSORY)
- Inguinal region

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21
Q

What is the ORIGIN of the genitofemoral nerve?

A

Ventral branches of L3 & L4

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22
Q

What is the ORIGIN of the lateral cutaneous femoral nerve?

A

Ventral branch of L4

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23
Q

Where does the lateral cutaneous femoral nerve innervate?

A

skin of the lateral distal thigh and stifle joint

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24
Q

Where does the genitofemoral nerve INNERVATE?

A

the skin over the medial aspect of the thigh

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25
Q

When is a peravertebral nerve block performed?

A
  • C-section
  • Rumenectomy
  • Flank laparotomy
  • Abdominal displacement
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26
Q

What are the 5 nerves of the sacral plexus?

(sciatic plexus)

A
  • Cranial gluteal nerve
  • Caudal gluteal nerve
  • Caudal femoral cutaneous nevre
  • Pudendal nerve
  • caudal rectal nerves
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27
Q

What is the origin of the caudal femoral cutaneous nerve?

A

The sacral plexus

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28
Q

What is the innervation of the caudal femoral cutaneous nerve?

A
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29
Q

Does the caudal femoral cutaneous nerve have motor function?

A

No

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30
Q

What is the landmark for the caudal femoral cutaneouss nerve?

A

The greater trochanter (femur)

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31
Q

Where does the Pudendal nerve originate?

dog & cat + larger animals

A
  • S1- S3 (dog & cat)
  • S2-S4 (equine & ruminants [large animals] )
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32
Q

Where does the Pudendal nerve innervate?

A
  • External anal sphincter
  • Retractor penis
  • Ischiocavernosus
  • Bulbospongiosus

damage to nerve causes loss of skin sensation in these areas

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33
Q

What is the origin of the caudal rectal nerves?

A

S3-S5

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34
Q

Where do the caudal rectal nerves innervate?

1 motor, 1 sensory

A

(MOTOR)
- External anal sphinctor

(SENSORY)
- skin around anus

damage to nerve causes loss of tail movement and fecal incontinence

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35
Q

Perineal reflex

A
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36
Q

What is evaluated during the Perineal reflex test?

A
  • perineal nerve
  • S1-S3
  • tail function
  • Caudal spinal segments
  • Cauda equina
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37
Q

What is the normal reaction to a perineal reflex test?

A
  • Constriction of sphinctor
  • Ventral flexion of tail
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38
Q

What are signs of damage to the perineal nerve?

A
  • urinary & fecal incontinence
  • Loss of skin senssation in parineal area
  • Inability to mate
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39
Q

Why is the perineal nerve intentionally paralyzed?

A
  • Parineal surgery
  • Epistomy
  • Castration
  • Rectal prolapsse
  • Catheterization (males)
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40
Q

How do you perform a perinela reflex test?

A
  • Gently pinch around perineum (sides, top, & bottom) with hemostat
  • Observe for constriction
41
Q

Hyporeflexia (Grade 1) or Areflexia (Grade 0) during the perineal reflex test indicate:

A
  • Issues with the pudendal nerve
  • Issues with sacral or caudal spinal segments ( or cauda equina)
  • LMN damage
42
Q

Pudendal nerve block

43
Q

What is the origin of the cranial gluteal nerve?

44
Q

Where does the cranuial gluteal nerve innervate?

A
  • Middle gluteal m.
  • Deep gluteal m.
  • Tensor fascia latae
45
Q

What is the origin of the caudal gluteal nerve?

46
Q

Where does the caudal gluteal nerve innervate?

A
  • SUperficial gluteal m.
  • Biceps femoris m.
  • Gluteobiceps (pigs & ruminants)
47
Q

slide 38

48
Q

What are the most important nerves of the hindlimb?

capable of causing lameness

A
  • Femoral nerve
  • Obturator nerve
  • Fibular nerve
  • Tibular nevre

Tib + Fib n. = branches of the sciatic nerve

49
Q

What is the origin of the femoral nerve?

50
Q

Where does the femoral nerve innervate?

A
  • Iliopsoas
  • Quadriceps femoris (all 4 heads)
  • Sartorius

damage to nerve causess HL paralysis & dragging-attempt to bear weight

51
Q

What is the origin of the saphenous nerve?

52
Q

Where does the Saphenous nerve innervate?

A
  • Cranial sartorius
  • Caudal sartorius
  • Medial thigh, leg, and pes
53
Q

What is the origin of the obturator nerve?

54
Q

Where does the obturator nerve innervate?

A

(MOTOR)
- Gracilis
- Adductor longus
- Pectineus
- Adductor magnus and brevis
- External obturator

(SENSORY)
- Medial thigh

55
Q

What are the most common causes of femoral nerve injuries?

A
  • over-extension of the wuadraveps muscles
  • pelvic fractures ^

renders whole limb incapable of bearing weight

56
Q

Why is a femoral nerve block performed?

A
  • femoral fracture
  • cruciate ligament (CCL disease)
  • hip surgery
57
Q

Why is the response of a patellar reflex test (normoreflexia) ?

A

there is quick extension of the stifle joint

58
Q

What is evaluated during a patellar reflex test?

A
  • integrity of the femoral nerve
  • L4-L6
  • quadraceps femoris function
59
Q

How is a patellar reflex test performed?

A
  • lighly tap the patellar ligament with reflex hammer flat end
60
Q

What is the most reliable muscle spindle reflex?

A

The patellar reflex

61
Q

different grades for patellar reflex

62
Q

What does lesion of the femoral nerve cause?

A
  • inability to extend the stifle
  • weal or absent patellar reflex
  • atrp[hy of quadraceps muscle
  • loss of sensation on the medial surface of the foot
62
Q

What are the most common causes of damage to the obturator nerve?

A
  • Pelvic fractures
  • compresion of the nerve during calving and foaling*

*calving-cow giving birth to a calf. foaling-mare giving birth to a foal

64
Q

What is the largest nerve in the body?

A

Sciatic nerve

65
Q

What is the origin of the sciatic nerve?

dog & cat + ruminant and equine

A
  • dog & cat: L6-S2
  • horse & eq.: S1-S2
66
Q

Where does the sciatic nerve innervate?

5 motor, 1 sensory

A

(MOTOR)
- Biceps femoris
- Abductor crural caudaliss
- Semitendannosus
- Semimembranosus
- Internal obturator
- gemelli muscles

(SENSORY)
- Lateral caudal thigh
- capsule of the hip joint

67
Q

What causes damage to the scaitic nerve?

A
  • factures of the femoral neck
  • misdirected intramuscular injections
  • complication of hip surgery
69
Q

What causes damage to the scsiatic nerve

A
  • fractures of the femoral neck
  • complications during hip surgery
70
Q

What is the origin of the superficial fibular nerve?

71
Q

What is the origin of the common fibular nevre?

72
Q

Where does the common fibular nerve innervate?

A

fibularis longus

73
Q

Where does the superficial fibular nerve innervate?

A

(MOTOR)
- lateral digital extensor
- Fibularis brevis

(SENSORY)
- Dorsal Pes

sensory innervation to skin

74
Q

What is the origin of the deep fibular nerve?

75
Q

Where does the deep fibular nerve innervate?

A
  • Cranial tibial
  • Fibularis longus
  • Long digital extensor

sensory innervation to skin

76
Q

What is the origin of the tibial nerve?

77
Q

Where does the tibial nerve innervate?

A

(MOTOR)

  • DDF
  • SDF
  • Gastrocnemius
  • Popliteus
  • Interosseous

(SENSORY)
- Pleantar tarsus

79
Q

70-76

80
Q

What is evaluated during the gastrocnemius reflex test?

A
  • Tibial nerve
  • L6-S2
  • Gastronemius muscle
81
Q

What is the normal reaction to a perienal reflex test?

A
  • Extensio of the hock
  • (sometimes) flexion of the digits
82
Q

What is evaluated during the widhtdrawal reflex (nociceptive) ?

A
  • tibia & fibula
  • sciatic
  • famoral nerve
    -L4-S2

reflexias are the same as the FL

83
Q

What nerve(s) innervates the hip joint?

A

scatic nerve

84
Q

What nerve(s) innervates the knee joint?

A
  • tibial nerve
  • saphenous nerve
85
Q

What nerve(s) innervates the hock joint?

A
  • tibial nerve
  • superficial fibular nerve
  • deep fibular nerve
86
Q

What nerve(s) innervates the digital joints?

A
  • plantar nerves of the tibial nerve
  • digital nerves
87
Q

What causes a Schiff-sherrington posture?

A
  • T3-L3 injury
  • damage to spinal cord & border cells (L1-L7)
88
Q

What are border cells?

A

Interneurons in the horns of the lumbar spinal cord that regulate the degree of tonicity of the extensors of the FL and HL. They send inhibitory signals the FL (?)

89
Q

What are symptoms/ features of Schiff-Sherrington posture?

A
  • Rigid extension of the FL
  • Flaccid paralysis
  • Paraplasia
  • Reduced muscle tone
  • Spinal cord injury (T3-L7; thoracolumbar)
90
Q

The internal iliac arteries give rise to the:

A

cranial and caudal gluteal arteries

91
Q

What artery is the primary blood supply for the hindlimb?

A

External iliac artery

92
Q

Where does the external iliac artery come from?

93
Q

Where does the interanal iliac artery provide blood supply to?

A
  • pelvic viscera
  • walls of the pelvic cavity
  • lumbar & gluteal muscle masses
94
Q

The median sacral artery arises from either the left or right ____ artery and supplies the ____ and ____.

A

internal iliac artery; sacrum and tail.

95
Q

What is the primary branch of the internal iliac and where does it supply blood to?

A
  • pudendal artery
  • reproductive organss and urinary tract
96
Q

Where does the caudal gluteal artery supply blood?

A
  • superficial gluteal muscle
  • proximal ‘hamstring muscles’
97
Q

Where does the iliolumbar artery supply blood?

A
  • psoas minor
  • iliopsoas
  • sartorius
  • tensor fasciae latae
  • middle gluteal muscles
98
Q

venous drainage

Veterinary Anatomy 1 (15 decks)

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