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Veterinary Anatomy 1 > Innervation of the Forelimb > Flashcards

Innervation of the Forelimb Flashcards

1
Q

The movement of a muscle depends on:

A

Origin and insertion
Innervation

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2
Q

What is a course?

A

The pathway that a nerve travels

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3
Q

What is quadriplegia?

A

paralysis of all 4 limbs

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4
Q

What is paraplegia?

A

paralysis of 2 limbs

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5
Q

What is monoplegia?

A

paralysis of 1 limb

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6
Q

What is hemiplegia?

A

paralysis of one side of the body

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7
Q

What 2 parts is the nervous system divided into?

A

central and peripheral nervous system

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8
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system further divided into?

A

cranial and spinal nerves

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9
Q

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

A

7

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10
Q

How many cervical nerves are there?

A

8

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11
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

A

13

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12
Q

How many lumbar vertebrae are there?

A

7

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13
Q

How many thoracic nerves are there?

A

13

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14
Q

How many lumbar nerves are there?

A

7

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15
Q

How many caudal vertebrae are there?

A

6

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16
Q

How many caudal nerves are there?

A

5

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17
Q

What is special about the atlas and axis compared to the rest of the spinal vertebrae

A

It is the only vertebrae that rotates the head from side to side

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18
Q

Where do the spinal nerves innervate from?

A

intervertebral foramen

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19
Q

Where is the terminal end of the spinal cord?

A

L6 or L7

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20
Q

The tapered end of the spinal cord is called the:

A

conus medullaris

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21
Q

What is the cauda equina?

A

a bundle of nerve roots at the very end of the spinal cord, resembling a horse’s tail in appearance, which provides sensory and motor innervation to the lower limbs, bladder, and rectum

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22
Q

Sciatica (in humans) is similar to what condition in animals?

A

cauda equina syndrome

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23
Q

What is the first part of the central nervous system?

A

brain

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24
Q

what is the PNS comprised of?

A

ganglions and neurons

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25
Q

What are ganglions?

A

clusters of perkaryons

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26
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are in cats, horses, ruminants, and rabbits?

A

31-36 spinal nerves

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26
Q

What are the tracts of the peripheral nervous system?

A

nerves

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27
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are in pigs?

A

40

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27
Q

How many cranial nerves are in all species?

A

12

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28
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are in dogs?

A

41

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29
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are in a chicken?

A

43

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30
Q

What is spinal cord Intumescence? Where does it occur?

A

the enlargement of the spinal cord in certain areas ; cervical and lumbar

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31
Q

The cervical intrumenscence is located from ___ to ___, and gives rise to the _________________.

A

-C7 -T1
-gives rise to the spinal nerves that form the brachial plexus that innervates the thoracic limb.

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32
Q

The lumbar intrumenscence is located from ___ to ___, and controls the _________________.

A
  • L4 - S3
  • pelvic limbs and pelvic organs.

Just below the lumbar enlargement, the spinal cord tapers into a medullary cone (conus medullaris), which is finally reduced to form the terminal filament.

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33
Q

What is the longitudinal CSF-filled space which runs the entire length of the spinal cord, and represents the most caudal portion of the ventricular system?

A

The central canal

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34
Q

Cauda equina syndrome usually affects what part of the body? Why?

A

Usually, the hindlimb is affected because the protruding disc compresses the nerve at L7/S1 disk space

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35
Q

What are some symptoms of cauda equina syndrome?

A

pain, paralysis, incontinence, and lameness

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36
Q

What is a treatment for cauda equina syndrome?

A

laminectomy, removing part or all of the lamina, which is the bony arch that covers and protects the spinal cord. It is performed to relieve pressure on the spinal cord or nerve roots

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36
Q

A axial or transection of the spine looks like a butterfly, describe the various parts? The middle? the upper wing? lower wing?

A

middle - central canal, upper wing - dorsal lateral groove
lower wing - ventral horn

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37
Q

What is decussation?

A

Nerve fibers crossing over from one side of the nervous system to the other.

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38
Q

What is the medial lemniscus?

A

sensory pathway of the brainstem

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39
Q

What is the crucial role of decussation?

A

The organization of the nervous system and the coordination of sensory and motor functions.

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40
Q

What part of the brainstem does not decussate? (remains on the same side)

A

temporal halves

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40
Q

Why should you study decussation?

A

It is critical in clinical neuroscience for interpreting neurological signs and symptoms and diagnosing conditions affecting the nervous system.

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41
Q

What are the layers of the spinal cord? Where are they located?

A

dura mater (outer layer)
arachnoid mater (middle layer)
pia mater (inner layer).

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42
Q

What is ependyma?

A

What lines the central canal and produces the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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43
Q

What is the lumbar cisterna?

A

a subarachnoid space in the lumbar region that contains CSF fluid

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44
Q

What nerves are in the brachial plexus of a dog at the level of the axillary space ?

A

1) suprascapular (SP)
2) subscapular (SB)
3) axillary (AX)
4) radial (RA)
5) ulnar (UL)
6) median (ME)
7) musculocutaneous (MU)

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45
Q

What is a lumbar puncture?

A

Also known as a spinal tap, it is a procedure that collects CSF from the lumbar cistern.
Either collected from the lumbosacral space, between L4 -L5 or L5- L6

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46
Q

What is the covering of the brain and spinal cord called?

A

meninges

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46
Q

What is inflammation of the spinal cord called? What is it caused by?

A

meningitis; caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites

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47
Q

What are some symptoms of meningitis in dogs?

A

Fever, Lethargy,
Stiff neck,
Headache,
Seizures,
Vomiting,
Loss of appetite,
Sensitivity to light,
Confusion, or disorientation

47
Q

What is the coccygeal ligament?

A

a ligament that connects the sacrum to the coccyx for the tail

48
Q

What is the location in the cervical region for a CSF tap?

A

Cerebellomedullary cistern

49
Q

What 2 nerves make up the cervical loop and what do they innervate?

A

ventral branch of C1 and the hypoglossal nerve. They innervate the hyoid apparatus

50
Q

What innervates the caudal part of the external ear?

A

ventral branch of cervical 2 (C2) and cranial 7. They join the caudal auricular branch of the facial nerves.

51
Q

Which nerves innervate the diaphragm? What is the difference in cats?

A

Ventral roots of C5-C7 from the phrenic nerve that runs caudally within the mediastinum (cats: ventral roots of C4-C7)

52
Q

How many cranial nerves are there?

53
Q

Which nerve is the 12th cranial nerve?

A

hypoglossal nerve

54
Q

Which nerves are part of the vagus group?

A

Glossopharyngeal vagus and accessory nerves

55
Q

The brachial plexus is usually formed by the ventral branches of the __, __, & __ cervical and __ & __ thoracic spinal nerves. Sometimes, __ and/or __ are present.

A

6th, 7th, & 8th cervical n.
1st and 2nd thoracic n.
Sometimes C5 and/or T2 are present.

56
Q

The dorsal and ventral branches of the cervical
and thoracic spinal nerves supply which 5 muscles?

A

brachiocephalic, omotransverse, rhomboid, & trapezius muscles & the skin over the upper shoulder region THESE ARE THE EXCEPTION

56
Q

The brachial plexus gives origin to the nerves that ________.

A

Innervate the muscles and skin of the thoracic limb, parts of the shoulder girdle musculature, and the lateral wall of the thorax and abdomen.

56
Q

What are the mixed nerves?

A

Musculocutaneous n.
Ulnar n.
Median n.
Radial n.
Axillary n.
Thoracodorsal n.

57
Q

What are the motor nerves?

A

Suprascapular
Subscapular
Cranial pectoral
Caudal pectoral
Long thoracic
Lateral thoracic

SSCCLL

58
Q

What makes a nerve mixed?

A

It has sensory and motor function

59
Q

What makes a nerve motor?

A

It has no sensory function

60
Q

What is the origin of the musculocutaneuous nerve?

A

C6-C7 (sometimes C8)

61
Q

What is the origin of the ulnar nerve?

62
Q

What is the origin of the radial nerve?

A

C7-T1 (sometimes T2)

62
Q

What is the origin of the axillary nerve?

63
Q

What is the origin of the thoracodorsal nerve?

64
Q

The brachial plexus is located cranial to the _____ between the long muscle of the ____ and the _____ muscles.

A

1st rib, neck, scaleni

65
Q

Innervation for the musculocutaneous n.?

A

Biceps brachii
Brachialis
Coracobrachialis

75
Q

Innervation for the Ulnar n.?

A

Pronator teres
Pronator quadratis
SDF
DDF (ulnar + humoral head)
Flexor carpi ulnaris

76
Q

Innervation for the median n.?

A

Pronator teres
Pronator quadratis
SDF
DDF (all heads)
Flexor carpi radialis

77
Q

Innervation for the radial n.?

A

Triceps brachii
Tensor fascia antibrachii
Extensor carpi radialis
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Anconeus m.
Supinatior
LDE (lateral digital extensor)
CDE (common digital extensor)

78
Q

Innervation for the axillary n?

A

Deltoideus
Teres major
Teres minor

79
Q

Innervation for the thoracodorsal n?

A

Latissimus dorsi

80
Q

What nerve innervates all of the extensor muscles?

81
Q

What is the origin of the suprascapular nerve?

82
Q

What is the origin for the subscapular nerves?

83
Q

What is the origin of the cranial pectoral n.?

A

(Sometimes C6), C7-T1

84
Q

What is the origin of the caudal pectoral n.?

A

C8-T1 (sometimes T2)

85
Q

What is the origin of the long thoracic n.?

A

C7 (sometimes C8)

86
Q

What is the origin of the lateral thoracic n.?

A

C8-T1 (sometimes T2)

87
Q

Innervation of the suprascapular n.?

A

Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus

88
Q

Innervation of the subscapular n.?

A

Subscapularis

89
Q

Innervation of the cranial pectoral n.?

A

Superficial pectoral
- ascending + transverse part

90
Q

Innervation of long thoracic n.?

A

Serratis ventralis

91
Q

Innervation of lateral thoracic n.?

A

Cutaneous trunci

92
Q

What are the 3 reflex tests?

A

Withdrawal reflex
Biceps reflex
Triceps reflex

93
Q

What nerves are being evaluated during the withdrawal reflex test?

A

Radial
Ulnar
Median

94
Q

What is evaluated during the biceps reflex test?

A

Musculocutaneous n.
Spinal cord C6-C8
Biceps brachii m.

95
Q

What is evaluated during the triceps reflex test?

A

Radial n.
Triceps brachii m.
Spinal cord C7-T2 (origin)

96
Q

What is the reaction of a grade 0 response, and what is it called?

A
  • no response
  • Areflexia
97
Q

What is the reaction of a grade 1 response, and what is it called?

A
  • reduced reflex
  • Hyporeflexia
98
Q

What is the reaction of a grade 2 response, and what is it called?

A
  • brief flexion
  • Normoreflexia
99
Q

What is the reaction of a grade 3 response, and what is it called?

A
  • exaggerated response
  • Hypereflexia
100
Q

What is the reaction of a grade 4 response, and what is it called?

A
  • exaggerated response with clonus (repetitive movement)
  • Hypereflexia
101
Q

Is a grade 0 reflex response UMN or LMN damage?
(upper/lower motor neuron damage)

102
Q

Is a grade 1 reflex response UMN or LMN damage?

103
Q

Is a grade 2 reflex response UMN or LMN damage?

A

trick question, there is no damage!

104
Q

Is a grade 3 reflex response UMN or LMN damage?

105
Q

Is a grade 4 reflex response UMN or LMN damage?

106
Q

What part of the spinal cord is affected during Areflexia?

107
Q

What part of the spinal cord is affected during Hyporeflexia?

108
Q

What part of the spinal cord is affected during Hypereflexia?

A

C6 cranial/spinal

109
Q

What is a reflex?

A

An involuntary response to stimuli

110
Q

What is nociception?

A

The response/detection of danger

111
Q

What is a monosynaptic reflex + examples?

A

A reflex with no interneurons involved. There is 1 communication.

(ex: bicep + tricep reflex)

112
Q

What is a polysynaptic reflex + examples?

A

A reflex with 1 or more interneurons involved. There are multiple communications.

(ex: withdrawal reflex)

113
Q

Which reflex is being tested? How can you tell?

A

Biceps reflex

  • The narrow end of the reflex hammer is placed on top of the dorsum of the index finger and tapped.
114
Q

What are the nerves make the branches of the brachial plexus?

A
  • Long thoracic n.
  • Thoracodorsal n.
  • Lateral thoracic n.
  • Cranial pectoral n.
  • Lateral pectoral n.
  • Subscapular nn.
115
Q

What is the origin of the phrenic nerve in dogs?

A

(C5), C6, C7, T1, (T2) (check later)

-Sometimes either or, or both C5 & T2

116
Q

What is the origin of the phrenic nerve in cats?

A

C4, C5, C6, C7 (check later)

117
Q

Why do horses suffer from muscle sweeny?

A

They do not have a scapular acromion to add protection to the inner scapular notch.

118
Q

What causes muscle sweeny?

A

Damage to the suprascapular n.

119
Q

What does damage to the musculocutaneous n. cause?

A
  • Difficulty flexing the elbow
  • Loss of skin sensation on the medial aspect of the affected muscles
  • Muscle atrophy
120
Q

What is the largest nerve of the brachial plexus?

A

The radial n.

121
Q

The radial nerve gives innervation to all extensors EXCEPT:

A

The shoulder joint

122
Q

Damage to the radial nerve leads to ________.

A

Paralysis
paw dragging
inability to extend the CARPALS

123
Q

What is the effect of paralysis of the ulnar n.?

A
  • Inability to flex (hypereflexia)
  • loss of skin sensation
124
Q

What is a trunk?

A

2 or more nerve tracks fusing together

(ex: median-ulnar trunk)

125
Q

What is the effect of damage to the subscapular n.?

A
  • Adduction
  • Extension of joint
126
Q

What is affected by damage to the axillary nerve?

127
Q

What is affected by damage to the thoracodorsal nerve?

A

Flexion of the shoulder joint

Veterinary Anatomy 1 (6 decks)

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