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Year 2 - Anatomy > Innervation of the APP > Flashcards

Innervation of the APP Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the somatic nervous system?

A
  • innervates structures derived from the somites, namely skeletal muscle and skin
  • responds to information from the external environment
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2
Q

What is the visceral nervous system?

A
  • innervates the viscera: namely smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands (mainly mesoderm/endoderm derived)
  • responds to information from the internal environment
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3
Q

What is the innervation of the viscera like?

A
  • sensory and motor innervation of the viscera
  • motor element = autonomic nervous system (AKA visceral efferent)
  • autonomic nervous system can be divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic
  • visceral afferents follow the course of the visceral efferents
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4
Q

What are the functions of the sympathetic nervous system?

A
  • increases heart rate
  • bronchodilation
  • vasodilation of skeletal muscle
  • vasodilation of skin
  • piloerection of hairs on skin
  • sweating
  • dilation of pupils
  • ejaculation (shoot)
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5
Q

What are the functions of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A
  • decreases heart rate
  • bronchoconstriction
  • increase blood flow to viscera
  • increase peristalsis of GIT
  • secretion from accessory glands of GIT
  • constriction of pupils (miosis)
  • erection (point)
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6
Q

What is the sympathetic outflow like?

A
  • AKA thoracolumbar outflow
  • originates from T1-L2
  • forms sympathetic chain to reach cervical and sacral areas of the body
  • flight or flight visceral efferent
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7
Q

What is the parasympathetic outflow like?

A
  • AKA craniosacral outflow
  • originates from CN III, CN VII, CN IX, CN X and S2-S4 (pelvic splanchnic nerve)
  • the vagus nerve (CN X) is the major parasympathetic nerve of the body
  • rest and digest visceral efferent
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8
Q

Which spinal segments do the abdomen, pelvis and perineum get sympathetic input from?

A

Sympathetic input from T5-L2
(T1-T4 is thoracic sympathetic outflow)

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9
Q

Which spinal segments do the abdomen, pelvis and perineum get parasympathetic input from?

A

Parasympathetic input from vagus (CN X) and S2-S4

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10
Q

What is the prevertebral plexus?

A
  • combined visceral nerves of abdomen and pelvis
    • sympathetic
    • parasympathetic
    • visceral afferents (sensory)
  • lies over abdominal aorta and lumbar/sacral vertebrae
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11
Q

What parts does the prevertebral plexus consist of?

A
  • abdominal part
  • pelvic part
  • abdominal and pelvic parts linked by the hypogastric nerve
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12
Q

What plexuses are in the abdominal part of the prevertebral plexus?

A
  • coeliac plexus
  • aortic plexus
  • superior hypogastric plexus
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13
Q

What plexuses are in the pelvic part of the prevertebral plexus?

A

Inferior hypogastric plexus

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14
Q

What are the associated ganglia of the coeliac plexus?

A

Coeliac, aorticorenal and superior mesenteric ganglia

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15
Q

What are the associated ganglia of the aortic plexus?

A

Inferior mesenteric ganglion

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16
Q

What are the associated ganglia of the superior and inferior hypogastric plexuses?

A

Numerous smaller ganglia

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17
Q

What spinal segments provide sympathetic innervation to the prevertebral plexus?

A

T5-L2

18
Q

What are the sympathetic inputs (and vertebral levels) of the prevertebral plexus?

A
  • thoracic splanchnics
    • greater splanchnic (T5-T9)
    • lesser splanchnic (T10-T11)
    • least splanchnic (T12)
  • lumbar splanchnic nerves (L1-L2)
  • sacral splanchnic nerves (T12-L2)
  • (NB named lumbar and sacral due to position in sympathetic chain, not vertebral level)
19
Q

What are the parasympathetic inputs (and vertebral levels) of the prevertebral plexus?

A
  • vagus nerve (CN X)
  • pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2-S4)
    • NB these are the only splanchnic nerves that are parasympathetic
    • think Pelvic = Parasympathetic
20
Q

What nerves innervate the foregut?

A
  • greater splanchnic (sympathetic)
  • vagus (parasympathetic)
21
Q

What ganglion innervates the foregut?

A

Coeliac ganglion

22
Q

What plexus innervates the foregut?

A

Coeliac plexus

23
Q

What nerves innervate the midgut?

A
  • lesser splanchnic (sympathetic)
  • vagus (parasympathetic)
24
Q

What ganglion innervates the midgut?

A

Superior mesenteric ganglion

25
Q

What plexus innervates the midgut?

A

Coeliac plexus

26
Q

What nerves innervate the hindgut?

A
  • lumbar splanchnic (sympathetic)
  • sacral splanchnic (sympathetic)
  • pelvic splanchnic (parasympathetic)
27
Q

What ganglion innervates the hindgut?

A

Inferior mesenteric ganglion

28
Q

What plexus innervates the hindgut?

A

Aortic plexus

29
Q

What nerves innervate the pelvic part of the abdomen?

A
  • lumbar splanchnic (sympathetic)
  • sacral splanchnic (sympathetic)
  • pelvic splanchnic (parasympathetic)
30
Q

What plexuses innervate the pelvic part of the abdomen?

A

Superior and inferior hypogastric plexuses (connected by hypogastric nerve)

31
Q

What do the least splanchnic nerves supply?

A

Kidneys

32
Q

Which nervous system supplies the parietal peritoneum, and how localised is the pain?

A
  • parietal peritoneum (lines abdominal walls) is innervated by the somatic nervous system
  • detects well-localised pain
33
Q

Which nervous system supplies the visceral peritoneum, and how localised is the pain?

A
  • visceral peritoneum innervated by visceral afferents
  • gives rise to dull, referred pain over the epigastrium (foregut), umbilicus (midgut) or suprapubic (hindgut) region of the abdomen
34
Q

Where does pain from the foregut refer to on the abdomen?

A

Epigastric region

35
Q

Where does pain from the midgut refer to on the abdomen?

A

Umbilical region

36
Q

Where does pain from the hindgut refer to on the abdomen?

A

Suprapubic region

37
Q

What plexuses and nerves give visceral input to the viscera of the perineum?

A
  • superior and inferior hypogastric plexuses
  • lumbar splanchnic, sacral splanchnic and pelvic splanchnic nerves
38
Q

What nerve gives somatic input to the skeletal muscle (e.g. pelvic floor muscles) and skin of the perineum?

A
  • pudendal nerve - arises from S2-S4
  • NB pelvic splanchnic nerves also arise S2-S4 but these are parasympathetic fibres not somatic fibres
39
Q

What artery supplies the perineum?

A

Anterior iliac artery (branch of internal iliac artery)

40
Q

What branches off the anterior iliac artery?

A
  • umbilical artery
  • superior vesicular artery
  • obturator artery
  • uterine artery (females) & interior vesicular artery in males
  • prostatic artery (males)
  • internal pudendal artery (blood to perineum e.g. for erections)

Year 2 - Anatomy (7 decks)

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