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Immunology > Innate immunity > Flashcards

Innate immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Is the innate immunity specific/nonspecific?

A

nonspecific

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2
Q

What are the 3 components of the innate immunity?

A
  • Anatomical barrier
  • cellular component
  • Humoral component
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3
Q

What factors falls under anatomical barrier?

A

Mechanical, chemical + biological

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4
Q

What cell is in the anatomical barrier?

A

epithelial cell

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5
Q

What line of defense is the epithelial cell?

A

first line

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6
Q

What does the epithelial cells have of content that makes it useful in the innate immune system?

A

Antimicrobial proteins:
Alpha + beta defensins
Histatins
Surfactant protein A + D

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7
Q

What does epithelial cell secrete and why?

A

MUCUS –> prevent adhesion

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8
Q

What disease/ condition does NOT have mucus?

A

cystic fibrosis

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9
Q

What is the mechanical factors in the anatomical barrier?

A

Skin: keratinized, desquamatation + tight junction
Other: flushing action + mucus

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10
Q

What are the chemical factors in the anatomical barrier?

A

Fatty acid, sweat, < pH, enzymes + surfactant (opsonins)

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11
Q

What secretes low pH?

A

Skin + Stomach + Vaginal secretions (post-pubertal)

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12
Q

What enzymes are found in chemical factors?

A

lysozymes + phospholipase

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13
Q

What are biological factors?

A

Microbial antagonism + antimicrobial peptide

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14
Q

How does the normal microbiota play a role in biological factors?

A
  • prevent attachment
  • compete for growth
  • make bacteriocins
  • maintain acid pH
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15
Q

Which antimicrobial peptide play a role in biological factors?

A

Phospholipase + a & b defensin + ribonuclease

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16
Q

What secretes antimicrobial peptide in biological factors?

A

skin, mucus membranes + intestinal Paneth cells

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17
Q

What is the function of antimicrobial peptide in biological factors?

A

increased production induced in response to bacterial infection & pro-inflammatory cytokines

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18
Q

which 2 oxygen methods do neutrophils kill in?

A

oxygen dependent + oxygen independent

19
Q

Explain oxygen dependent killing in neutrophils.

A

Phagocyte bind –> phagolysosome
way 1 –> H2O2 –> OH (RADICAL)
way 2 –> MPO + CL –> makes hypochlorite

20
Q

List enzymes in oxygen independent killing in neutrophils.

A

protease, phospholipase, nuclease, lysozymes, lactoferrin, glycosylase + basic protein + cationic (cathepsin)

21
Q

What are NK cells , do they require antigen and how do we find them (which CD)?

A

They are Large granular non-T, non-B lymphocytes
They dont require antigen
CD56+ CD16+ CD3

22
Q

What is the role of NK cell?

A

Important in immune response against virally infected cells & spontaneously arising tumors

23
Q

How does NK cell do its role?

A

Activate when T cell activate then apoptosis (by granules containing perforin + granzymes)

24
Q

How does NK cell work against virus?

A 
Cell has MHC 1 --> virus bind and enter
Cell makes micA + micB --> NK bind with KAR + KIR
KAR *--> kill
KIR *--> doesnt kill
* one is usually more than the other
25
Q

What is cytokine?

A

small secreted proteins released by cells which may have anti or pro-inflammatory properties

26
Q

What ways can cytokine act?

A

paracrine or autocrine way

27
Q

What is a chemokine?

A

cytokine with chemotactic property

28
Q

Why is coagulation system activated?

A
  • Tissue damage
  • Vasodilation
  • phagocyte chemotactic
  • antimicrobial activity
29
Q

What is complement system? And how many pathways are there and name and describe them.

A

Helps clear pathogen by aiding phagocytosis
o Classical: has immune complex (antibody + antigen bound together)
o Lectin pathway: manose binding lectin complex
o Alternative pathway: pathogen coated by c3b

30
Q

Explain the classical pathway + its activation

A

Antigen + antibody –> C1 –> Antigen + antibody + C1 + C4B –> Antigen + antibody + C1 + C4B + C2A –> c3 covertase

To activate: c3b + c5a

31
Q

Explain the lectin pathway + its activation

A

Antigen + MBL –> Antigen + MBL + C4B –> Antigen + MBL + C1 + C4B + C2A –> c3 covertase

To activate: c3b + c5a

32
Q

Explain the alternative pathway + its activation

A

pathogen + C3B + FACTOR B –> (factor D makes factor Bb) –>pathogen + C3B + FACTOR Bb –> c3 covertase

activation:c3 covertase + factor p + c3b –> c5 convertase + c5a + c3b

33
Q

What makes pores in MAC?

A

C9

34
Q

What is the c1 inhibitor?

A

serpin

35
Q

What is the c3 inhibitor?

A

DAF

36
Q

How to stop mac?

A

C59

37
Q

What complements activates basophil?

A

C3a + C4a + C5a

38
Q

What is opsonization?

A

Coating microbe with complement proteins

39
Q

What is the pathway to phagocytosis?

A

Opsonization and phagocytosis –> Inflammation –> Lysis

40
Q

How does the innate system recognize pathogens?

A
  • PRR bind to PAMP
  • DAMP (tissue damage)
  • NK
41
Q

What are PAMP + PRR?

A

PAMP on bacteria –> needed for survival (e.g LPS + petidoglycan + DNA etc)
PRR: toll like receptor that bind to PAMP –> initiate phagocytosis + cytokine + etc

42
Q

Are PRR in serum?

A

some can be! C-reactive protein (CRP) + serum amyloid

43
Q

How to activate complement?

A
  1. Pathogen enter body
  2. Chemotactic factors made by receptors (PRR)
  3. PRR bind to PAMP on bacteria –> recognized by toll like receptor
  4. Macrophage is activated –> phagocytosis
  5. Cytokines (pro-inflammatory made) + chemokine
  6. IL8 attract neutrophil
  7. Neutrophils come –> transmigration –> inflammation
44
Q

What is an example of DAMP?

A

phosphatidylserine

Immunology (8 decks)

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