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Infection > Innate Immunity > Flashcards

Innate Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four main features of the first line of defence?

A

Physical barriers
Physiological barriers
Chemical barriers
Biological barriers

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2
Q

What are physical barriers to pathogen entry?

A

Skin, mucous membranes- MALTs, bronchial cilia

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3
Q

What are some physiological barriers to pathogen entry?

A

Dn V
Coughing
Sneezing

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4
Q

What are some chemical barriers to pathogen entry

A

Low pH- skin stomach vagina

Antimicrobials

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5
Q

What antimicrobials are used in the first line of defence?

A 
IgA- tears, saliva, MALTS
Lysozyme- sebum, perspiration, urine
Mucus
Gastric acid and pepsin
Beta defensins
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6
Q

What is the biological barrier to pathogen entry?

A

Normal flora- competes with pathogens for attachment sites and resources

These produce antimicrobial chemicals and synthesise vitamins K, B12

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7
Q

What kind of infections might poor dental hygiene cause?

A

Bactaraemia

Gingivitis

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8
Q

Who is most at risk from infection from poor dental hygiene?

A

Previous endocarditis
Damaged prosthetic valves
Asplenic and hyposplenic patients

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9
Q

How can normal flora be displaced from one area of the body to another?

A

Fecal oral
Breaching skin integrity- skin loss, injection drugs, surgery
Fecal perineal urethral route- UTI
Normal flora overgrows and becomes pathogenic when host is immunocompromised- malignancy, AIDS, diabetes, chemo
Or when normal flora is depleted by antibiotics- vaginal thrush
Intenstine- severe colitis

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10
Q

What are the three main components of the second line of defence?

A

Phagocytes
Inflammation
Chemicals

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11
Q

What are the different types of phagocyte?

A

Monocytes
Neutrophils
Macrophages

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12
Q

Which chemical do macrophages produce?

A

Cytokines/chemokines- these stimulate the movement of cells towards sites of inflammation and infection

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13
Q

What kind of receptors do phagocytes have?

A

Pathogen Recognition

Receptors- PRRs

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14
Q

What is an example of a PRR?

A

Toll Like Receptor

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15
Q

How are gram negative bacteria recognised?

A

Lipopolysaccharide PAMPs are recognised by TLR4 PRRs

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16
Q

What other cells are involved in the secondary line of defence?

A

Basophils/ mast cells
Eosinophils
Natural killer cells
Dendritic cells

17
Q

What is involved in oxygen dependent killing?

A

Lysozyme
Lactoferrin/ transferrin
Cationic proteins
Proteolytic and hydrolytic enzymes

18
Q

What is involved in oxygen dependent killing?

A

Respiratory burst- H2O2, hydroxyl radical, nitric oxide, superoxide

19
Q

What are the effects of the cytokines released by macrophages?

A

Liver releases opsonins- CRP, MBL
Neutrophils mobilized from bone marrow
Inflammatory effects
Pyrogenic effects

20
Q

What are some examples of opsonins?

A

Antibodies- IgG, IgM
Complement- C3b, C4b
Acute phase proteins- CRP, MBL

21
Q

What are opsonins essential for?

A

Clearing encapsulated bacteria eg neisseria meningitidis, strep pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae b

22
Q

What do C3a to C5a do?

A

Recruit phagocytes

23
Q

What do c5- c9 do?

A

Kill pathogens by forming membrane attack complex

24
Q

What are the two ways that the complement system can be activated?

A

Alternative pathway- cell surface endotoxins eg e coli

MBL pathway-MBL binds to mannose containing residues of proteins found on many microbes

Infection (12 decks)

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