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Physiology > Innate Immunity > Flashcards

Innate Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What’s cells are involved in innate immunity ?

A

Macrophages
Neutrophils
Dendritic cells
Natural killer cells

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2
Q

What are the physical barriers in innate immunity ?

A

Repository tract
Skin
Eyes
Genitourinary tract
GI tract

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3
Q

What defenses do we have at the these barriers ?

A

Skin - Tight epithelial layers , Fatty acids.
All epithelium - defensins.
Respiratory - enzymes, flow of air or fluid.
GI tract - ciliated cells, low PH , normal microbiota.

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4
Q

How do white blood cells recognize pathogens or damage ?

A

Through damps ( damage associated) and pamps (pathogen associated) .

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5
Q

What’ types of pattern recognition are there ?

A

Nod receptors
Toll-like receptors
RIG- like receptors

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6
Q

What are the types of pro inflammatory cytokines?

A

Interleukin-1 beta
Interleukin-6
Tumor necrosis factor alpha

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7
Q

What do pro- inflammatory cytokines do ?

A

Activate the endothelium.
Increase permeability of the vascular endothelium.

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8
Q

What protein makes cells produce pro inflammatory cytokines ?

A

NFKB

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9
Q

What receptors cause phagocytosis?

A

Phagocytic receptors on phagocytes

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10
Q

What cells are phagocytes ?

A

Macrophage
Neutrophil
Dendritic
B cells

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11
Q

What are the main signs of inflammation ?

A

Swelling
Redness
Heat
Pain

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12
Q

How do macrophages kill the pathogen ?

A

They induce phagocytosis so the pathogen is in a phagosome it emerges with a lysosome, and makes phagolytosome. In this they have got digestive enzymes with break down the pathogen.

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13
Q

What does the c3b compliment protein do ?

A

Binds to pathogens and makes them more visible to phagocytes.

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14
Q

What do c5a and c3a compliment proteins do?

A

They induce chemotaxis.

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15
Q

What is chemotaxis ?

A

It’s a process by which the immune system recruits more white blood cells.

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16
Q

What are chemokines ?

A

Proteins that attract white blood cells to the site of infection.

17
Q

What are the effects of the interferons ?

A

Induce chemokine to recruit lymphocytes.
Activate natural killer cells.
Activate dendritic cell and macrophages.

18
Q

What are the MHC molecules ?

A

MHCI and MHCII

19
Q

What’s the function of MHCI?

A

Present peptide antigens to pathogen specific cytokines T cells.

20
Q

What’s the natural killer cells?

A

Have receptors to identify when a cell is infected with a pathogen.
Contains granules which can kill cells and produce interferon gamma.

21
Q

What is the natural killer cells and its function ?

A

Type of white blood cell that destroys infected and diseased cell.
A type of lymphocyte like B/T cells.
They destroy harmful cells in early stages preventing viruses from spreading.

22
Q

What granules are present in natural killer cells ?

A

Perforin and granzyme

23
Q

What determines the differentiation of helper T cells ?

A

Polarising cytokines released by antigen presenting cells.

24
Q

Which antigen do CD8 cells recognize ?

A

Angiogenesis on MCH I

25
Q

What antigen do CD4 T cells recognize?

A

Antigen on MHC II

26
Q

What is T cell energy?

A

If an antigen presenting cell phagocytoses self molecules and presents them to T cell, the antigen presenting cell won’t be expressing co stimulatory molecules which puts the T cell in an anergic (unresponsive) irreversible state.

27
Q

What do natural killer cells do?

A

They recognize infected cells through their altered or lack of MHC I expression and trigger cell apoptosis by releasing granules containing granzymes and perforin

28
Q

Who doe Nodal cells generate action potential ?

A

Nodal cells contain HCN na+ channels which open at around -60mv and then T type ca channels which open around -55mv, decaying the nodal cells pacemaker potential until they reach threshold at -40mv.
L-type ca channels then open at threshold potential and ca flows in depolarizing the cell.

29
Q

How do nodal cell propagate action potential to the myocardium?

A

Nodal cells contain gap junctions (connexon proteins) and adhesive proteins( desmosomes)
(Gap junctions + desmosomes = intercalated discs)

30
Q

What do desmosomes proteins and connexons do ?

A

Desmosomes proteins keep nodal cells and myoctes adhere, whereas connexons allow ions to flow between cells down their electrochemical gradient to propagate the action potential.

31
Q

How does the heart generate electrical impulses?

A

The heart nodal cells and myoctyes which exhibit automatically (intrinsic conduction) and self ternate action potentials spontaneously without extrinsic influence.

32
Q

What does the term functional syncytium mean ?

A

It refers to the organized propagation of action potentials for nodal cell to myocyte and myoctye to myocyte - producing an organized simultaneous contraction of the cardiac muscle which acts as a pump.

Physiology (11 decks)

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