innate immunity Flashcards
the response is the
same regardless of the type of threat
these defenses are present at
birth
they provide nonspecific
resistance
how many majoy innate defenses are there
7
the 7 major innate defenses
- physical barriers
- phagocytes
- immune surveillance
- interferons
- complement
- inflammation
- fever
- PHYSICAL BARRIERS
the epithelial covering of the skin protects
underlying tissues
resistance of skin to invasion by organisms
- PHYSICAL BARRIERS
what layer of the epithelial covering provides a physical barrier
horny layer
- PHYSICAL BARRIERS
the epithelial lining of the respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts along with the
basement membrane and secretions protect the epithelia
- PHYSICAL BARRIERS
hairs on our body against
mechanical injury
- PHYSICAL BARRIERS
secretions of sebaceous and sweat glands wash away
microorganisms and chemicals
- PHYSICAL BARRIERS
sebaceous and sweat glands contain chemicals that kill
bacteria and antibodies
- PHYSICAL BARRIERS
lysozyme in tears, sweat, saliva, nasal secretions removes
bacteria
- PHYSICAL BARRIERS
mucus lining of the digestive tract, respiratory tracts, HCl produced by gastric glands, glandular secretions of the reproductive tract all play an important role to
destroy pathogens
- PHYSICAL BARRIERS
destruction of swallowed organisms by the
acid secretions of stomach and digestive enzymes
- PHAGOCYTES
phagocytosis of bacteria and other invaders by
tissue macrophage system
- PHAGOCYTES
phagocytes are the
first line of cellular defense
- PHAGOCYTES
2 types of phagocytic cells
microphages
macrophages
- PHAGOCYTES
microphages are neutrophils and eosinophils which the
infected peripheral tissue
- PHAGOCYTES
neutrophils phagocytize
cellular debris or invading bacteria
- PHAGOCYTES
eosinophils attack
pathogens coated with anitbodies
- PHAGOCYTES
macrophages are
large, active phagocytic cells derived from monocytes
- PHAGOCYTES
macrophages are either
fixed or mobile
- PHAGOCYTES
macrophages are found in almost every
tissue
- PHAGOCYTES
this collection of phagocytes is called
monocyte-macrophage system or reticuloendothelial system
- PHAGOCYTES
fixed macrophages in the central nervous system are
microglia
- PHAGOCYTES
what are the cells found in the liver called
kupffer cells
- PHAGOCYTES
macrophages are found scattered
among connective tissue,
reticular layers of dermis, subarachnoid space of the
meninges and in bone marrow.
- PHAGOCYTES
free microphages travel
throughout the body
- PHAGOCYTES
alveolar macrophages are known as
phagocytic dust cells found in alveoli
- PHAGOCYTES
alveolar macrophages destroy
respiratoy pathogens
- PHAGOCYTES
alveolar macrophages as
phagocytic dust cells found in alveoli
- NATURAL KILLER CELLS
- immune surveillance is the constant
monitoring of normal tissues by natural killer cells
- NATURAL KILLER CELLS
- natural killer cells are lymphocytes which destroy
abnormal cells in peripheral tissues
- NATURAL KILLER CELLS
the detect the antigens on the
plasma membrane and respond immediately
- NATURAL KILLER CELLS
recognize and adhere to the
target cell
- NATURAL KILLER CELLS
golgi apparatus produces
perforins
- NATURAL KILLER CELLS
perforins forms
pores on the plasma membrane and destroys the abnormal cells
- NATURAL KILLER CELLS
- attack what kind of cells
cancer cells and cells infected with viruses
- NATURAL KILLER CELLS
can recognize the tumor-specific antigens on the
cancer cells and destroy the cells
- NATURAL KILLER CELLS
some cancer cells avoid
detection
- NATURAL KILLER CELLS
immunological escape is the process of
avoiding detection
- NATURAL KILLER CELLS
once immunological escape happens, cancer cells
multiply and spread without interference of NK cells
- NATURAL KILLER CELLS
- recognize the viral antigens on the plasma membrane,
destroy them and prevent the spread of viral infection
- INTERFERONS
are small proteins made and released by
lymphocytes, macrophages, and cells in response to the presence of pathogens
- INTERFERONS
bind to surface receptors on the membrane of a cell and triggers the production of
anti viral proteins, which prevents viral replication inside the cell
- INTERFERONS
also stimulate the activites of
macrophages and NK cells
- INTERFERONS
3 types
interferon alpha
interpheron beta
interferon gamma
- INTERFERONS
most cells produce interferon beta in response to
viral infection, except lymphocytes and macrophages
- INTERFERONS
each type has
anti-viral effects but, they all act differently on the immune system
cytokines are chemical messengers released by cells to
coordinate local activities
defense cells secrete cytokines which act as
hormones affecting cells throughout the body
- COMPLEMENT SYSTEM
a system of about
30 proteins
produced by the liver that can be activated in various ways to destroy bacteria
- COMPLEMENT SYSTEM
they enhance
phagocytosis and action of antibodies to destroy pathogens
- COMPLEMENT SYSTEM
they interact with each other in
chain reactions or cascades
- COMPLEMENT SYSTEM
they are 2 chemical pathways to activate the complement system
classical pathway
alternative pathway
- COMPLEMENT SYSTEM
classical pathway is very
rapid and effective
- COMPLEMENT SYSTEM: CLASSICAL PATHWAY
complement protein C1 binds to
2 antibodies bound to antigen
- COMPLEMENT SYSTEM:
if antibodies are absent then only
alternative pathway activates the complement system
- COMPLEMENT SYSTEM: CLASSICAL PATHWAY
complement protein C1 bind to 2 antibodies on the
bacterial cell wall
- COMPLEMENT SYSTEM: CLASSICAL PATHWAY
C1 protein acts as an enzyme catalyzing many reactions involving other complement proteins
C2
C3
C4
- COMPLEMENT SYSTEM: CLASSICAL PATHWAY
finally the inactive C3 will be converted to an
activated C3b that attaches to the bacterial cell wall
- COMPLEMENT SYSTEM: ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY
is formed only in the absence of
antibody molecules
- COMPLEMENT SYSTEM: ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY
compared to the classical pathway
slower and less effective
- COMPLEMENT SYSTEM: ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY
important in the defense against
bacteria, some parasites and virus-infected cells
- COMPLEMENT SYSTEM: ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY
on exposure to bacterial cell wall what interacts in the plasma
complement proteins
properdin (factor P)
factor B
factor D
- COMPLEMENT SYSTEM: ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY
as a result activated C3b is
attached to the bacterial cell wall
- COMPLEMENT SYSTEM:
the final stage are the same for both
classical
alternative
- COMPLEMENT SYSTEM: FUNCTION OF C3b
complement activation brings about
pore formation
enhanced phagocytosis
histamine release
- COMPLEMENT SYSTEM: FUNCTION OF C3b
C3b once attached to the bacterial cell wall, additional complement protein join to form a
membrane attack complex (MAC)
in the membrane and cell lyses forming multiple pores in bacterium
- COMPLEMENT SYSTEM: FUNCTION OF C3b
C3b enhances
phagocytosis
- COMPLEMENT SYSTEM: FUNCTION OF C3b
opsonization
coating of complement protein and antibodies and they engulf the bacteria
enhancement of phagocytosis
- MAST CELLS
release histamine which
increase local
inflammation and blood flow to the region
- MAST CELLS
are filled with basophil granules found in
connective
tissue and releasing histamine and other substances during
inflammatory and allergic reactions.
- INFLAMMATION
a tissue response to
injury
- INFLAMMATION produces
redness (rubor)
swelling (tumor)
heat (calor)
pain (dolar)
- FEVER stimulates the release of
endogenous pyrogen, which is an inflammatory cytokine