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lymphatic system part 1 > innate immunity > Flashcards

innate immunity Flashcards

1
Q

the response is the

A

same regardless of the type of threat

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2
Q

these defenses are present at

A

birth

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3
Q

they provide nonspecific

A

resistance

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4
Q

how many majoy innate defenses are there

A

7

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5
Q

the 7 major innate defenses

A
  1. physical barriers
  2. phagocytes
  3. immune surveillance
  4. interferons
  5. complement
  6. inflammation
  7. fever
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6
Q
  1. PHYSICAL BARRIERS
    the epithelial covering of the skin protects
A

underlying tissues
resistance of skin to invasion by organisms

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7
Q
  1. PHYSICAL BARRIERS
    what layer of the epithelial covering provides a physical barrier
A

horny layer

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8
Q
  1. PHYSICAL BARRIERS
    the epithelial lining of the respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts along with the
A

basement membrane and secretions protect the epithelia

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9
Q
  1. PHYSICAL BARRIERS
    hairs on our body against
A

mechanical injury

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10
Q
  1. PHYSICAL BARRIERS
    secretions of sebaceous and sweat glands wash away
A

microorganisms and chemicals

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11
Q
  1. PHYSICAL BARRIERS
    sebaceous and sweat glands contain chemicals that kill
A

bacteria and antibodies

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12
Q
  1. PHYSICAL BARRIERS
    lysozyme in tears, sweat, saliva, nasal secretions removes
A

bacteria

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13
Q
  1. PHYSICAL BARRIERS
    mucus lining of the digestive tract, respiratory tracts, HCl produced by gastric glands, glandular secretions of the reproductive tract all play an important role to
A

destroy pathogens

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14
Q
  1. PHYSICAL BARRIERS
    destruction of swallowed organisms by the
A

acid secretions of stomach and digestive enzymes

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15
Q
  1. PHAGOCYTES
    phagocytosis of bacteria and other invaders by
A

tissue macrophage system

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16
Q
  1. PHAGOCYTES
    phagocytes are the
A

first line of cellular defense

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17
Q
  1. PHAGOCYTES
    2 types of phagocytic cells
A

microphages
macrophages

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18
Q
  1. PHAGOCYTES
    microphages are neutrophils and eosinophils which the
A

infected peripheral tissue

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19
Q
  1. PHAGOCYTES
    neutrophils phagocytize
A

cellular debris or invading bacteria

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20
Q
  1. PHAGOCYTES
    eosinophils attack
A

pathogens coated with anitbodies

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21
Q
  1. PHAGOCYTES
    macrophages are
A

large, active phagocytic cells derived from monocytes

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22
Q
  1. PHAGOCYTES
    macrophages are either
A

fixed or mobile

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23
Q
  1. PHAGOCYTES
    macrophages are found in almost every
A

tissue

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24
Q
  1. PHAGOCYTES
    this collection of phagocytes is called
A

monocyte-macrophage system or reticuloendothelial system

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25
Q
  1. PHAGOCYTES
    fixed macrophages in the central nervous system are
A

microglia

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26
Q
  1. PHAGOCYTES
    what are the cells found in the liver called
A

kupffer cells

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27
Q
  1. PHAGOCYTES
    macrophages are found scattered
A

among connective tissue,
reticular layers of dermis, subarachnoid space of the
meninges and in bone marrow.

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28
Q
  1. PHAGOCYTES
    free microphages travel
A

throughout the body

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29
Q
  1. PHAGOCYTES
    alveolar macrophages are known as
A

phagocytic dust cells found in alveoli

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30
Q
  1. PHAGOCYTES
    alveolar macrophages destroy
A

respiratoy pathogens

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31
Q
  1. PHAGOCYTES
    alveolar macrophages as
A

phagocytic dust cells found in alveoli

32
Q
  1. NATURAL KILLER CELLS
    1. immune surveillance is the constant
A

monitoring of normal tissues by natural killer cells

33
Q
  1. NATURAL KILLER CELLS
    1. natural killer cells are lymphocytes which destroy
A

abnormal cells in peripheral tissues

34
Q
  1. NATURAL KILLER CELLS
    the detect the antigens on the
A

plasma membrane and respond immediately

35
Q
  1. NATURAL KILLER CELLS
    recognize and adhere to the
A

target cell

36
Q
  1. NATURAL KILLER CELLS
    golgi apparatus produces
A

perforins

37
Q
  1. NATURAL KILLER CELLS
    perforins forms
A

pores on the plasma membrane and destroys the abnormal cells

38
Q
  1. NATURAL KILLER CELLS
    1. attack what kind of cells
A

cancer cells and cells infected with viruses

39
Q
  1. NATURAL KILLER CELLS
    can recognize the tumor-specific antigens on the
A

cancer cells and destroy the cells

40
Q
  1. NATURAL KILLER CELLS
    some cancer cells avoid
A

detection

41
Q
  1. NATURAL KILLER CELLS
    immunological escape is the process of
A

avoiding detection

42
Q
  1. NATURAL KILLER CELLS
    once immunological escape happens, cancer cells
A

multiply and spread without interference of NK cells

43
Q
  1. NATURAL KILLER CELLS
    1. recognize the viral antigens on the plasma membrane,
A

destroy them and prevent the spread of viral infection

44
Q
  1. INTERFERONS
    are small proteins made and released by
A

lymphocytes, macrophages, and cells in response to the presence of pathogens

45
Q
  1. INTERFERONS
    bind to surface receptors on the membrane of a cell and triggers the production of
A

anti viral proteins, which prevents viral replication inside the cell

46
Q
  1. INTERFERONS
    also stimulate the activites of
A

macrophages and NK cells

47
Q
  1. INTERFERONS
    3 types
A

interferon alpha
interpheron beta
interferon gamma

48
Q
  1. INTERFERONS
    most cells produce interferon beta in response to
A

viral infection, except lymphocytes and macrophages

49
Q
  1. INTERFERONS
    each type has
A

anti-viral effects but, they all act differently on the immune system

50
Q

cytokines are chemical messengers released by cells to

A

coordinate local activities

51
Q

defense cells secrete cytokines which act as

A

hormones affecting cells throughout the body

52
Q
  1. COMPLEMENT SYSTEM
    a system of about
A

30 proteins
produced by the liver that can be activated in various ways to destroy bacteria

53
Q
  1. COMPLEMENT SYSTEM
    they enhance
A

phagocytosis and action of antibodies to destroy pathogens

54
Q
  1. COMPLEMENT SYSTEM
    they interact with each other in
A

chain reactions or cascades

55
Q
  1. COMPLEMENT SYSTEM
    they are 2 chemical pathways to activate the complement system
A

classical pathway
alternative pathway

56
Q
  1. COMPLEMENT SYSTEM
    classical pathway is very
A

rapid and effective

57
Q
  1. COMPLEMENT SYSTEM: CLASSICAL PATHWAY
    complement protein C1 binds to
A

2 antibodies bound to antigen

58
Q
  1. COMPLEMENT SYSTEM:
    if antibodies are absent then only
A

alternative pathway activates the complement system

59
Q
  1. COMPLEMENT SYSTEM: CLASSICAL PATHWAY
    complement protein C1 bind to 2 antibodies on the
A

bacterial cell wall

60
Q
  1. COMPLEMENT SYSTEM: CLASSICAL PATHWAY
    C1 protein acts as an enzyme catalyzing many reactions involving other complement proteins
A

C2
C3
C4

61
Q
  1. COMPLEMENT SYSTEM: CLASSICAL PATHWAY
    finally the inactive C3 will be converted to an
A

activated C3b that attaches to the bacterial cell wall

62
Q
  1. COMPLEMENT SYSTEM: ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY
    is formed only in the absence of
A

antibody molecules

63
Q
  1. COMPLEMENT SYSTEM: ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY
    compared to the classical pathway
A

slower and less effective

64
Q
  1. COMPLEMENT SYSTEM: ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY
    important in the defense against
A

bacteria, some parasites and virus-infected cells

65
Q
  1. COMPLEMENT SYSTEM: ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY
    on exposure to bacterial cell wall what interacts in the plasma
A

complement proteins
properdin (factor P)
factor B
factor D

66
Q
  1. COMPLEMENT SYSTEM: ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY
    as a result activated C3b is
A

attached to the bacterial cell wall

67
Q
  1. COMPLEMENT SYSTEM:
    the final stage are the same for both
A

classical
alternative

68
Q
  1. COMPLEMENT SYSTEM: FUNCTION OF C3b
    complement activation brings about
A

pore formation
enhanced phagocytosis
histamine release

69
Q
  1. COMPLEMENT SYSTEM: FUNCTION OF C3b
    C3b once attached to the bacterial cell wall, additional complement protein join to form a
A

membrane attack complex (MAC)
in the membrane and cell lyses forming multiple pores in bacterium

70
Q
  1. COMPLEMENT SYSTEM: FUNCTION OF C3b
    C3b enhances
A

phagocytosis

71
Q
  1. COMPLEMENT SYSTEM: FUNCTION OF C3b
    opsonization
A

coating of complement protein and antibodies and they engulf the bacteria

enhancement of phagocytosis

72
Q
  1. MAST CELLS
    release histamine which
A

increase local
inflammation and blood flow to the region

73
Q
  1. MAST CELLS
    are filled with basophil granules found in
A

connective
tissue and releasing histamine and other substances during
inflammatory and allergic reactions.

74
Q
  1. INFLAMMATION
    a tissue response to
A

injury

75
Q
  1. INFLAMMATION produces
A

redness (rubor)
swelling (tumor)
heat (calor)
pain (dolar)

76
Q
  1. FEVER stimulates the release of
A

endogenous pyrogen, which is an inflammatory cytokine

lymphatic system part 1 (9 decks)

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