Innate and Adaptive Immunity

Question 1

Innate Immunity

Answer 1

the initial phase of host response to infection, present in all individuals, which does not increase or change with repeated exposure to a given pathogen

Question 2

Adaptive immunity

Answer 2

response of antigen-specific lymphocytes to antigen. Also known as acquired immunity. Confers life-long protection against reinfection by the same pathogen

Question 3

Granulocytes

Answer 3

also known as polymorphonuclear leukocytes, general name for cells including neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils and mast cells.

Question 4

Macrophage

Answer 4

• antigen presentation
• phagocytosis
• activation of bactericidal mechanisms.

Question 5

Neutrophils

Answer 5

most numerous of the phagocytic cells, important in innate immune responses, phagocytosis and activation of bactericidal mechanisms. Have a horseshoe, lobular nuclear shape.

Question 6

Eosinophils

Answer 6

important in killing of antibody-coated parasites. When activated they release granules containing a variety of enzymes and toxic proteins.

Question 7

Basophils

Answer 7

function similarly to eosinophils.

Question 8

Mast cells

Answer 8

release granules containing histamine and other active agents.

Question 9

Dendritic cells

Answer 9

degrade pathogens they take up, but their main role is to present antigens to T-lymphocytes.

Question 10

T-cell

Answer 10

subset of lymphocytes that develop in the thymus and function in a number of regulatory roles associated with B-cell production of antibody, macrophage activation or killing of cells infected with viruses and other intracellular pathogens

Question 11

B-cell

Answer 11

upon activation these cells differentiate into an antibody producing cells called plasma cells.

Question 12

MALT

Answer 12

mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue that serves a number of barrier and other functions in the immune response. Types of MALT include the GALT (gut), NALT (nasopharynx) and BALT (bronchus) associated lymphoid tissues.

Question 13

Antibody

Answer 13

Protein (immunoglobulin) produced by activated B-cells that recognizes specific aspects of antigens (called epitopes). Integral component of the adaptive immune response.

Question 14

MHC Type I

Answer 14

Genes that encode molecules that display peptides synthesized in the cytosol from viral infections on cell surface

Question 15

MHC Type II

Answer 15

Genes that encode molecules that display peptides from bacterial proteins in intracellular vesicles on cell surface

Question 16

Cystatins, Mucins, Statherins, Histatins, Defensins

Answer 16

anti-bacterial proteins/peptides found in saliva that act to clear potential pathogens our of the oral cavity. Some are also produced by epithelial cells, neutrophils and Paneth cells in the gut.

Question 17

What are the cells of the adaptive immune system?

Answer 17

B and T cells

Question 18

What are the different types of infectious agents?

Answer 18

Viruses, bacteria, protozoa, fungi, worms

Question 19

Role of mucins and saliva in host defense

Answer 19

They provide a protective barrier to the epithelium and contain antimicrobial peptides

Question 20

Clonal selection of B and T cells

Answer 20

Once these cells interact with antigen, the cell that has the correct antigen will undergo clonal expansion where it makes million of copies of itself

Question 21

Antigen presenting cells

Answer 21

Macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells

Question 22

What cells do APC’s present to?

Answer 22

T cells