Injury Rehabilitation Flashcards
What 2 factors can cause a sport related injury?
- Physical dysfunction e.g. muscle imbalance, collisions and overtraining
- Psychological issues e.g. high levels of stress, poor coping strategies
Draw the model of stress and athletic injury and who is it by?
see flashcard
Anderson and williams (1988)
What are the 3 history of stressors?
- life events
- daily hassles
- previous injuries
What are the 3 personality affects that cause injury?
- anxiety
- mood states
- agression/anger
What was the aim of William et al. 1991 study on “the relationship between stress and injury - reduces peripheral attention”
To examine the effects of life events, daily hassles (DH), and coping resources (CR) on state anxiety and peripheral vision narrowing.
What was the methods of William et al. 1991 study on “the relationship between stress and injury - reduces peripheral attention”
- Recreational athletes (n=74)
- completed questionnaires to assess life events, daily hassles, state-trait anxiety
also completed a peripheral vision test (in the form of a stroop test
What was the results of William et al. 1991 study on “the relationship between stress and injury - reduces peripheral attention”
- High levels of state anxiety and stress results in reduced peripheral vision and therefore attentional disruption.
What was the aim of Smith et al. 2000 study on the “relationship between stress and injury (interferes with coordination)”?
To assess the relationship between anxiety as a moderator of the stress-injury relation.
What was the methods of Smith et al. 2000 study on the “relationship between stress and injury (interferes with coordination)”?
Ballet dancers (n=46) completed the multidimensional sport anxiety scale and injury occurrence was monitored over an 8 month period.
What was the results of Smith et al. 2000 study on the “relationship between stress and injury (interferes with coordination)”?
High levels of anxiety resulted in higher levels of injury – increased muscle tension and interference with coordination.
What was the aim of Maddison and Prapavessis 2005 study on “intervention to prevent injury - stress management”
To examine the role psychological factors play on the prevention of sport injuries.
What was the methods of Maddison and Prapavessis 2005 study on “intervention to prevent injury - stress management”
- Participants (rugby players) were randomly assigned to a Cognitive Behavioural Stress Management (CBSM) or control group.
- Measurements of number of injuries and time missed were taken at the beginning and end of the season.
What was the results of Maddison and Prapavessis 2005 study on “intervention to prevent injury - stress management”
- Results showed that those in the intervention condition reported missing less time due to injury compared to the control group.
- That stress management pre-season is viable to implement.
What was the aim of Kerr an Goss. 1996 study on “intervention to prevent injury - stress management”?
To examine the effect of a longitudinal stress management program on sport injuries.
What was the methods of Kerr an Goss. 1996 study on “intervention to prevent injury - stress management”?
- Gymnasts (n=24) were split into an experimental group and a control group.
- The experimental group entered a stress management program. Incidence of injury was tracked over an 8 month period.
What was the results of Kerr an Goss. 1996 study on “intervention to prevent injury - stress management”?
- Intervention prevention program significantly lowered the number of injuries in the treatment group compared with the control group.
What was the aim of Johnson et al. 2005 study on “intervention to prevent injury - stress management”?
To examine the effectiveness of a prevention intervention program to lower the incidence of injury for soccer players with at-risk psychosocial profiles.
What was the methods of Johnson et al. 2005 study on “intervention to prevent injury - stress management”?
- Participants (n=132) were screened for psychosocial risk factors associated with injury (more cost effective).
- High risk players (n=32) were entered into two groups: experimental or control.
- Experimental group received mental skills training.
What was the results of Johnson et al. 2005 study on “intervention to prevent injury - stress management”?
- Intervention prevention program significantly lowered the number of injuries in the treatment group compared with the control group.
What research evidence supports the idea that enhancing social support enhances coping strategies?
¥ Smith et al., (1990) proposed that training coaches to enhance social support would decrease the incidence of injury.
¥ Nideffer (1981) proposed that team building could enhance the feeling of social support and decrease injury incidence.
What was the aim of Arnason et al. 2005 study on “intervention to prevent injury - increase awareness of injury risk”?
To test the effect of a video-based awareness program on the incidence of injuries in soccer.
What was the methods of Arnason et al. 2005 study on “intervention to prevent injury - increase awareness of injury risk”?
- Participants (n=271) were split into an intervention or control group.
- The intervention included information on the injury risk of playing elite soccer, typical injuries, and their mechanisms.
- During the season acute injury incidence was reported.
What was the results of Arnason et al. 2005 study on “intervention to prevent injury - increase awareness of injury risk”?
- No significant difference between groups – informative interventions are not enough to reduce injury incidence.
- Formative not enough on its own… might want to do it in conjunction with psychological skills training for higher risk athletes.
Outline the components of the GRIEF response to injury
- Denial – about extent and severity of injury
- Anger – realised the severity and coming to terms with the effect, the cause of injury could affect anger levels e.g. external or internal cause
- Bargaining – trying to realise what they need to do to recover quickly
- Depression – if they get setbacks in their rehabilitation
- Acceptance and reorganisation – plan and set goals for rehab
What are the psychological reactions to injury?
- Injury relevant information processing – pain, extent of injury, how/why it happened.
- Emotional upheaval and reactive behaviour – emotionally agitated; shock, disbelief, isolation, denial, self-pity.
- Positive outlook and coping – acceptance and coping efforts.
What are the other psychological reactions to injury?
- Identity loss – reduction in self-worth
- Fear and Anxiety – maybe fear of re-injury
- Lack of confidence – can lead to reduction in motivation and adherence to intervention
- Performance decrements – due to lack of training
What are the specific stress sources identified during rehabilitation?
- Fear of re-injury
- Feeling that hopes and dreams were shattered – intervention = set goals
- Watching others getting to perform/improve – reduce vicarious experience/negative vicarious experience
- Lack of attention/isolation
- Rehabilitation difficulties e.g. slow progress
- Pain
- Financial worries
- Career difficulties
What are the signs of an athlete having poor adjustment to injury?
¥ Feelings of anger or confusion
¥ Obsession with the question of when they can return to play – likely to go back to training too early
¥ Denial (prolonged)
¥ Repeatedly coming back too soon and experiencing re-injury
¥ Dwelling on minor physical incompetence
¥ Guilt about letting the team down
¥ Withdrawl from significant others
¥ Rapid mood swings
¥ Statements indicating that no matter what they do, recovery will not occur
What are the 3 phrases in the process of recovery that a sports psychologist can intervene?
- injury or illness phase: help athlete with emotional upheaval that accompanies injury
- rehab and recovery: help the athlete sustain motivation and adherence to rehab protocols
- return to the full activity: full recovery is not complete until athlete returns to normal functioning within sport
What is the aim of Levela and Orlick. (1991) study on the role of sports psychologist in injury rehabilitation - rate of recovery?
Do psychological strategies influence rate of recovery in knee and ankle injuries?
What is the methods of Levela and Orlick. (1991) study on the role of sports psychologist in injury rehabilitation - rate of recovery?
- articipants from a sports medicine clinic (n=32)
- completed interviews about psychological skills they were already using
What is the results of Levela and Orlick. (1991) study on the role of sports psychologist in injury rehabilitation - rate of recovery?
- Fast-healing athletes used more goal setting, positive self-talk and healing imagery than slow-healing athletes
What is the aim of Cupal and Brewer. 2001 study on the role of sports psychologist in injury rehabilitation - reduce anxiety?
To examine the effects of imagery and relaxation on knee strength, anxiety and pain after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.
What is the methods of Cupal and Brewer. 2001 study on the role of sports psychologist in injury rehabilitation - reduce anxiety?
- Participants (n=30) in rehabilitation for ACL rehabilitation were assigned to one of three groups; Intervention, placebo or control.
What is the results of Cupal and Brewer. 2001 study on the role of sports psychologist in injury rehabilitation - reduce anxiety?
- Intervention group reported less anxiety
- and showed greater knee strength than placebo and control group.
- Physical and psychological benefits of PST.
What is the aim of Scherzer et al. 2001 study on the role of sports psychologist in injury rehabilitation - increase adherence?
To examine the effects of self-reported use of psychological skills and rehabilitation adherence.
What is the methods of Scherzer et al. 2001 study on the role of sports psychologist in injury rehabilitation - increase adherence?
- Participants undergoing ACL reconstruction rehabilitation (n=45)
- completed interviews (Sport Injury Survey)
- and adherence to rehabilitation was monitored.
What is the results of Scherzer et al. 2001 study on the role of sports psychologist in injury rehabilitation - increase adherence?
- Goal setting and positive self-talk were positively related to home rehabilitation completion and program adherence.
What is the aim of Theodorakis et al. 1996 study on the role of sports psychologist in injury rehabilitation - goal setting?
To examine the effect of goal setting on injury rehabilitation.
What is the methods of Theodorakis et al. 1996 study on the role of sports psychologist in injury rehabilitation - goal setting?
- Participants with a knee injury (n=32),
- participants without a knee injury (n=29)
- control participants (n=30)
- completed assessments of knee strength (4 trials).
- Before the third and fourth trials participants (injured and non-injured) set personal goals and completed SE and SS scales.
What is the results of Theodorakis et al. 1996 study on the role of sports psychologist in injury rehabilitation - goal setting?
setting personal goals had immediate effects on the output dynamometer and improvements in self-efficacy
What are the role of a sports psychology in injury rehabilitation?
¥ Build rapport with the injured person – empathy, emotional support, various means of contact.
¥ Educate the injured person about the injury and recovery process – how long, what it entails.
¥ Teach specific psychological coping skills – goal setting (Theordorakis et al., 1996), positive self-talk, imagery and relaxation (Ievleva and Orlick, 1991).
¥ Teach how to cope with setbacks – encouragements and positive attitude.
¥
Foster social support – coach, peers, family.
¥ Learn from injured athletes.
