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Injury Rehabilitation Flashcards

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1
Q

What 2 factors can cause a sport related injury?

A
  1. Physical dysfunction e.g. muscle imbalance, collisions and overtraining
  2. Psychological issues e.g. high levels of stress, poor coping strategies
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2
Q

Draw the model of stress and athletic injury and who is it by?

A

see flashcard

Anderson and williams (1988)

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3
Q

What are the 3 history of stressors?

A
  1. life events
  2. daily hassles
  3. previous injuries
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4
Q

What are the 3 personality affects that cause injury?

A
  1. anxiety
  2. mood states
  3. agression/anger
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5
Q

What was the aim of William et al. 1991 study on “the relationship between stress and injury - reduces peripheral attention”

A

To examine the effects of life events, daily hassles (DH), and coping resources (CR) on state anxiety and peripheral vision narrowing.

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6
Q

What was the methods of William et al. 1991 study on “the relationship between stress and injury - reduces peripheral attention”

A
  • Recreational athletes (n=74)
  • completed questionnaires to assess life events, daily hassles, state-trait anxiety
    also completed a peripheral vision test (in the form of a stroop test
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7
Q

What was the results of William et al. 1991 study on “the relationship between stress and injury - reduces peripheral attention”

A
  • High levels of state anxiety and stress results in reduced peripheral vision and therefore attentional disruption.
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8
Q

What was the aim of Smith et al. 2000 study on the “relationship between stress and injury (interferes with coordination)”?

A

To assess the relationship between anxiety as a moderator of the stress-injury relation.

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9
Q

What was the methods of Smith et al. 2000 study on the “relationship between stress and injury (interferes with coordination)”?

A

Ballet dancers (n=46) completed the multidimensional sport anxiety scale and injury occurrence was monitored over an 8 month period.

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10
Q

What was the results of Smith et al. 2000 study on the “relationship between stress and injury (interferes with coordination)”?

A

High levels of anxiety resulted in higher levels of injury – increased muscle tension and interference with coordination.

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11
Q

What was the aim of Maddison and Prapavessis 2005 study on “intervention to prevent injury - stress management”

A

To examine the role psychological factors play on the prevention of sport injuries.

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12
Q

What was the methods of Maddison and Prapavessis 2005 study on “intervention to prevent injury - stress management”

A
  • Participants (rugby players) were randomly assigned to a Cognitive Behavioural Stress Management (CBSM) or control group.
  • Measurements of number of injuries and time missed were taken at the beginning and end of the season.
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13
Q

What was the results of Maddison and Prapavessis 2005 study on “intervention to prevent injury - stress management”

A
  • Results showed that those in the intervention condition reported missing less time due to injury compared to the control group.
  • That stress management pre-season is viable to implement.
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14
Q

What was the aim of Kerr an Goss. 1996 study on “intervention to prevent injury - stress management”?

A

To examine the effect of a longitudinal stress management program on sport injuries.

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15
Q

What was the methods of Kerr an Goss. 1996 study on “intervention to prevent injury - stress management”?

A
  • Gymnasts (n=24) were split into an experimental group and a control group.
  • The experimental group entered a stress management program. Incidence of injury was tracked over an 8 month period.
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16
Q

What was the results of Kerr an Goss. 1996 study on “intervention to prevent injury - stress management”?

A
  • Intervention prevention program significantly lowered the number of injuries in the treatment group compared with the control group.
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17
Q

What was the aim of Johnson et al. 2005 study on “intervention to prevent injury - stress management”?

A

To examine the effectiveness of a prevention intervention program to lower the incidence of injury for soccer players with at-risk psychosocial profiles.

18
Q

What was the methods of Johnson et al. 2005 study on “intervention to prevent injury - stress management”?

A
  • Participants (n=132) were screened for psychosocial risk factors associated with injury (more cost effective).
  • High risk players (n=32) were entered into two groups: experimental or control.
  • Experimental group received mental skills training.
19
Q

What was the results of Johnson et al. 2005 study on “intervention to prevent injury - stress management”?

A
  • Intervention prevention program significantly lowered the number of injuries in the treatment group compared with the control group.
20
Q

What research evidence supports the idea that enhancing social support enhances coping strategies?

A

¥ Smith et al., (1990) proposed that training coaches to enhance social support would decrease the incidence of injury.
¥ Nideffer (1981) proposed that team building could enhance the feeling of social support and decrease injury incidence.

21
Q

What was the aim of Arnason et al. 2005 study on “intervention to prevent injury - increase awareness of injury risk”?

A

To test the effect of a video-based awareness program on the incidence of injuries in soccer.

22
Q

What was the methods of Arnason et al. 2005 study on “intervention to prevent injury - increase awareness of injury risk”?

A
  • Participants (n=271) were split into an intervention or control group.
  • The intervention included information on the injury risk of playing elite soccer, typical injuries, and their mechanisms.
  • During the season acute injury incidence was reported.
23
Q

What was the results of Arnason et al. 2005 study on “intervention to prevent injury - increase awareness of injury risk”?

A
  • No significant difference between groups – informative interventions are not enough to reduce injury incidence.
  • Formative not enough on its own… might want to do it in conjunction with psychological skills training for higher risk athletes.
24
Q

Outline the components of the GRIEF response to injury

A
  1. Denial – about extent and severity of injury
  2. Anger – realised the severity and coming to terms with the effect, the cause of injury could affect anger levels e.g. external or internal cause
  3. Bargaining – trying to realise what they need to do to recover quickly
  4. Depression – if they get setbacks in their rehabilitation
  5. Acceptance and reorganisation – plan and set goals for rehab
25
Q

What are the psychological reactions to injury?

A
  1. Injury relevant information processing – pain, extent of injury, how/why it happened.
  2. Emotional upheaval and reactive behaviour – emotionally agitated; shock, disbelief, isolation, denial, self-pity.
  3. Positive outlook and coping – acceptance and coping efforts.
26
Q

What are the other psychological reactions to injury?

A
  1. Identity loss – reduction in self-worth
  2. Fear and Anxiety – maybe fear of re-injury
  3. Lack of confidence – can lead to reduction in motivation and adherence to intervention
  4. Performance decrements – due to lack of training
27
Q

What are the specific stress sources identified during rehabilitation?

A
  1. Fear of re-injury
  2. Feeling that hopes and dreams were shattered – intervention = set goals
  3. Watching others getting to perform/improve – reduce vicarious experience/negative vicarious experience
  4. Lack of attention/isolation
  5. Rehabilitation difficulties e.g. slow progress
  6. Pain
  7. Financial worries
  8. Career difficulties
28
Q

What are the signs of an athlete having poor adjustment to injury?

A

¥ Feelings of anger or confusion
¥ Obsession with the question of when they can return to play – likely to go back to training too early
¥ Denial (prolonged)
¥ Repeatedly coming back too soon and experiencing re-injury
¥ Dwelling on minor physical incompetence
¥ Guilt about letting the team down
¥ Withdrawl from significant others
¥ Rapid mood swings
¥ Statements indicating that no matter what they do, recovery will not occur

29
Q

What are the 3 phrases in the process of recovery that a sports psychologist can intervene?

A
  1. injury or illness phase: help athlete with emotional upheaval that accompanies injury
  2. rehab and recovery: help the athlete sustain motivation and adherence to rehab protocols
  3. return to the full activity: full recovery is not complete until athlete returns to normal functioning within sport
30
Q

What is the aim of Levela and Orlick. (1991) study on the role of sports psychologist in injury rehabilitation - rate of recovery?

A

Do psychological strategies influence rate of recovery in knee and ankle injuries?

31
Q

What is the methods of Levela and Orlick. (1991) study on the role of sports psychologist in injury rehabilitation - rate of recovery?

A
  • articipants from a sports medicine clinic (n=32)

- completed interviews about psychological skills they were already using

32
Q

What is the results of Levela and Orlick. (1991) study on the role of sports psychologist in injury rehabilitation - rate of recovery?

A
  • Fast-healing athletes used more goal setting, positive self-talk and healing imagery than slow-healing athletes
33
Q

What is the aim of Cupal and Brewer. 2001 study on the role of sports psychologist in injury rehabilitation - reduce anxiety?

A

To examine the effects of imagery and relaxation on knee strength, anxiety and pain after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.

34
Q

What is the methods of Cupal and Brewer. 2001 study on the role of sports psychologist in injury rehabilitation - reduce anxiety?

A
  • Participants (n=30) in rehabilitation for ACL rehabilitation were assigned to one of three groups; Intervention, placebo or control.
35
Q

What is the results of Cupal and Brewer. 2001 study on the role of sports psychologist in injury rehabilitation - reduce anxiety?

A
  • Intervention group reported less anxiety
  • and showed greater knee strength than placebo and control group.
  • Physical and psychological benefits of PST.
36
Q

What is the aim of Scherzer et al. 2001 study on the role of sports psychologist in injury rehabilitation - increase adherence?

A

To examine the effects of self-reported use of psychological skills and rehabilitation adherence.

37
Q

What is the methods of Scherzer et al. 2001 study on the role of sports psychologist in injury rehabilitation - increase adherence?

A
  • Participants undergoing ACL reconstruction rehabilitation (n=45)
  • completed interviews (Sport Injury Survey)
  • and adherence to rehabilitation was monitored.
38
Q

What is the results of Scherzer et al. 2001 study on the role of sports psychologist in injury rehabilitation - increase adherence?

A
  • Goal setting and positive self-talk were positively related to home rehabilitation completion and program adherence.
39
Q

What is the aim of Theodorakis et al. 1996 study on the role of sports psychologist in injury rehabilitation - goal setting?

A

To examine the effect of goal setting on injury rehabilitation.

40
Q

What is the methods of Theodorakis et al. 1996 study on the role of sports psychologist in injury rehabilitation - goal setting?

A
  • Participants with a knee injury (n=32),
  • participants without a knee injury (n=29)
  • control participants (n=30)
  • completed assessments of knee strength (4 trials).
  • Before the third and fourth trials participants (injured and non-injured) set personal goals and completed SE and SS scales.
41
Q

What is the results of Theodorakis et al. 1996 study on the role of sports psychologist in injury rehabilitation - goal setting?

A

setting personal goals had immediate effects on the output dynamometer and improvements in self-efficacy

42
Q

What are the role of a sports psychology in injury rehabilitation?

A

¥ Build rapport with the injured person – empathy, emotional support, various means of contact.
¥ Educate the injured person about the injury and recovery process – how long, what it entails.
¥ Teach specific psychological coping skills – goal setting (Theordorakis et al., 1996), positive self-talk, imagery and relaxation (Ievleva and Orlick, 1991).
¥ Teach how to cope with setbacks – encouragements and positive attitude.
¥

Foster social support – coach, peers, family.
¥ Learn from injured athletes.

Psychology (7 decks)

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