Athlete Burnout Flashcards
What is the definition of Burnout?
- “…a physical, emotional and social withdrawl from a formerly enjoyable sport activity. This withdrawl is characterised by: o emotional and physical exhaustion o reduced sense of accomplishment o sport devaluation…” (Gould and Whitley, 2009)
What does it mean by personal accomplishments, emotional exhaustion and depersonalisation, outside of sport?
Personal Accomplishments
- feelings of competence and successful achievement
Emotional exhaustion
- feelings of being emotionally over-extended and exhausted
depersonalisation
- unfeeling and impersonal
What was Plog, Dorresteun & Keebler (2003) looking at in their study on healthcare profession?
types of stresses in the work place
What was results of Plog, Dorresteun & Keebler (2003) study on healthcare profession?
- puts that reported high work overload, or high autonomy, insufficient financial rewards and poor relationships reported higher levels of emotional exhaustion, depolarisation and reduced sense of accomplishment.
- the higher the level of stresses the more likely they were to drop out of their profession.
What was the aim, methods and results of Taylor et al. 1990 study on Referees?
- Aim: Longitudinal study – the level of stress at the beginning and 9 months later.
- Methods: Looked at symptoms of burnout at beginning and end
- Results: Those who were more stressed at the beginning were more likely to burn out.
What was the aim, methods and results of Telly et al. 1999 study on tennis coaches?
Aim: relationship between the symptoms of burn out and hardiness
Methods:
- level of coaching issues – not enough time to dedicate to each individual athlete or not enough time to dedicate to their personal life.
- Also looked at gender, the competitive levels they were working at, their leadership style and their anxiety levels.
Results: Coaches who had higher levels of coaching issues, anxiety and stress reported higher levels of feelings of emotional exhaustion etc.
What does it mean by personal accomplishments, emotional exhaustion and depersonalisation, inside of sport?
Personal accomplishment: sporting abilities and their achievements
Emotional Exhaustion: over exhausted feeling due to training and competition level
Depersonalisation: negative attitude towards their participation
Who conducted the study on the signs of athlete burnout in rugby players?, and what was their methods?
Cresswell and Eklund (2004)
- Professional rugby union players (n=199, age 19-23) completed ABQ and possible early signs of burnout inventory that psychologists were looking out for.
- results separated into 3 categories: physical and emotional exhaustion, low professional efficacy and sport devaluation.
Draw Smith’s 1986 cognitive-effective model of burnout - stressed based model
see flashcards
What does Smith’s 1986 cognitive-effective model of burnout show?
an analysis of situation demands and resources = where the athletes weighs up the demand’s of their support and the resources they have to deal with that.
What does cognitive appraisal in Smith’s 1986 cognitive-effective model of burnout mean?
meaning and consequence of the participation in sport
What does physiological responses in Smith’s 1986 cognitive-effective model of burnout mean?
increased arousal, increased anxiety, increased muscle tension and fatigue
What does coping and task behaviours in Smith’s 1986 cognitive-effective model of burnout mean?
coping strategies they want to implement and their task behaviours
What does burnout in Smith’s 1986 cognitive-effective model of burnout mean?
- demands of situation outweighed - not enough reward
- when they cognitively appraise the demands - feel overloaded
- causes anger, insomnia, anxiety, fatigue
- suboptimal pattern of behaviour to withdraw from sport
Draw Silva’s 1990 model on negative training response model of burnout
see flashcard
what does Silva’s 1990 model on negative training response model of burnout show?
An exhaustive psychophysiological response…characterised by ineffective efforts to meet excessive training and competitive demands”
- training stress can be beneficial but can cause overtraining and burnout to early.
- focuses mainly on psychological stress sport sport but not on psychological stressors which is a limitation
Who is the sociological model theorised by?, and what does it state?
Coakleys 1992
stress underlies burnout
What does the sociological model show?
- Agrees that stress is a symptom but social organisation of sport leads to burnout in young athletes.
- normal identity” is not developed due to structure of high level sport. Identity is associated with sporting success – stress, lack of success or injury = Burnout.
- young athlete’s lack control and decision making = Burnout.
- Told what to do by their coaches so don’t make their own decisions. Causes a lack of intrinsic motivation
Young athletes’ social environments are organised in ways that they do not have the power to make their own decision about the direction of development
Who theorised the sport commitment model?
Schmidt and Steins, 1991
What is the focus of the Sport Commitment Model?
• Focuses on sport commitment and entrapment in sport – if they stop participating they basically have nothing so continue training. Overtime can lead to burnout.
What should a coach/athlete do to prevent the athlete from burnout? (Sport Commitment Model)
• Coaches/parents should ensure that athletes a) enjoy participating b) feel supported but not pressurised c) are involved with decision making in training and competition.
What makes an athlete feel like they should stay involved? (Sport Commitment Model)
- social pressure
- identity maintenance
- feel entrapped in sport and loose motivation to continue
What does the SDT by Cresswell and Eklund 20005 state?, and what are the 3 needs?
• SDT contends that all individuals are motivated to satisfy three general needs:
- Competence – relevant skill set to be successful
- Autonomy – decision making, control over training
- Relatedness – feelings, relevant social support.
What happens if the 3 needs are not met?
athlete is more prone to burnout (more extrinsically motivated or amotivated)
What are the methods and results of Redeye + Smith (2004) on the Stress Model?
Methods: 224 senior level age group swimmers completed a questionnaire assessing burnout, perceived stress, general coping behaviours and social support satisfaction.
Results: - Athletes that had higher levels of stress and reduced levels of coping and support had higher levels of symptoms of burnout.
What are the aims and results of Kelly et al. 1999 on the Stress Model?
Aim: investigated the relationship between stress and burnout in 265 collegiate tennis coaches.
Results: higher levels of original stress and anxiety had a greater risk of burnout.
What are the aims, and results of Cresswell + eklund (2005) on the SDT?
Aim: Examined relationships among burnout and motivational types differing in self-determination in professional rugby union players (n=199)
Results: athletes with higher levels of intrinsic motivation reported lower levels on the ABQ than those who were extrinsically motivated and amotivated.
What are the aims, and results of Hodge et al. 2008 on the SDT?
Aim: Investigated the utility of SDT as a framework for understanding athlete burnout in elite rugby union player (n=133).
Results: If the three needs of the theory not met they had higher symptoms of burnout.
What are the aims, and results of Perreault et al. 2007on the SDT?
aim: Assessed the relationship between the three components of the SDT and athlete burnout in high school students (n=259)
Results: Athletes that had higher levels of step 1 had lower levels of reduced accomplishment, exhaustion and devaluation.
What are the other antecedents of burnout?
- Achievement goals
- If an athlete has high levels of ego-orientated goals they are more likely to withdraw from sport. - Coach behaviours
–Autonomy/controlling styles – do they allow their athletes to have input?
–Their own burnout! – if the coach also has high levels of anxiety and stress you may want to introduce a double intervention - Anything associated with coping and anxiety
–Social support
–Hardiness etc.
What are the the ways to treat and prevent burnout?
¥ Monitor critical states in athletes e.g. stress levels – h
¥ Communicate
¥ Set short-term goals for training and competition
¥ Learn self-regulation skills
¥ Keep a positive outlook
¥ Manage post-competition emotions
What is the opposite of burnout?, and what does it state?
“is an enduring, relatively stable sport experience, which refers to generalized positive affect and cognitions about one’s sport as a whole”
- feel competence and are dedicated to sport
What was the aims, methods and results of Hodge et al 2009 study on athlete engagement?
Aim: investigated the relationship between basic needs (from the SDT) and athlete engagement in canadian athletes (n=201).
Methods: used sport motivation questionnaire and athlete engagement questionnaire and basic needs questionnaire.
rating on scale dedication and confidence in sport participation.
