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Muscle Physiology > Injury and Repair > Flashcards

Injury and Repair Flashcards

1
Q

muscle injury can result from

A
  • disease
  • myotoxic agents
  • trauma (sharp/blunt/surgery)
  • ischemia
  • hot/cold temps
  • contractions (esp. eccentric)
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2
Q

do you gain force after an initial injury

A

yes

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3
Q

does peak CK occur before or after peak tenderness

A

after

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4
Q

when is peak soreness post exercise

A

24-48 hrs

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5
Q

when is peak CK post exercise

A

5-7 days

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6
Q

when is peak strength post exercise

A

1-24hrs post

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7
Q

when is peak acute inflammation post exercise

A

1-12hrs

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8
Q

when is peak chronic inflammation post exercise

A

5-7 days

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9
Q

how long does it take muscles to recovery from a heavy lift

A

about a week, only train that muscle group at that intensity once a week

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10
Q

what are some changes after injury

A
  • z-line changes
  • necrosis and infiltration of inflammatory cells
  • damage repaired by regeneration of fiber damage (takes time)
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11
Q

what is some things that happen with structural damage

A
  • myofibrillar disruption (z-line periodicity lost)
  • sarcolemma disruption
  • swelling and disruption of the sarcotubular system
  • damage to the cytoskeleton (desmin)
  • abnormalities in the extracellular matrix
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12
Q

biochemical events with contraction-induced injury

A
  • increased cytosolic ca+
  • digestion of myofibrillar proteins and phospholipids (damaged proteins)
  • inflammatory response (macrophages, IL1, IL6, TNFa, free radicals)
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13
Q

DOMs is…

A

muscle pain
occurs with lengthening contractions and high-force isometric contractions when the muscle is at a long length

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14
Q

DOMs stiffness may be related to…

A

edema

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15
Q

DOMs tenderness may be related to…

A

inflammatory response

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16
Q

T or F: lactate causes muscle pain not DOMs

A

lol, no. false

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17
Q

what is protection against contraction induced injuries

A

trained muscle will protect itself and avoid injury

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18
Q

what are some sources of externally caused muscle injury

A
  • trauma.crush
  • biological toxins
  • local anesthetics
  • diseases
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19
Q

biochemical events with externally caused injury

A
  • necrotic zones
  • increased ca+
  • Ca+-activated proteases, complement components, macrophages
  • formations of stumps (anchor points)
  • mononeuron sprouting
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20
Q

________ cells proliferate and migrate

A

satellite

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21
Q

________ cells differentiate into myoblasts which fuse into myotubes

A

satellite

22
Q

T or F: satellite cells offer genetic control of cell proliferation, differentiation, fusion, and synthesis of muscle specific proteins

A

T

23
Q

T or F: (satellite cells) myotubes bridge stumps

A

T

24
Q

how many days after a crush injury do you see a plateau of healing

A

20

25
Q

what are some signals for muscle repair

A

cytokines: IL1, IL6, TNFa
growth factors: IGF1, IGF2, FGF

26
Q

healing of skeletal muscle day 2

A
  • macrophages are removing necrotized parts of the damaged fibers
  • fibroblasts have begun to form the connective tissue scar in the central zone
27
Q

healing of skeletal muscle day 3

A
  • within the regeneration zone, satellite cells have become activated within the basal lamina cylinders
28
Q

healing of skeletal muscle day 5

A
  • connective tissue in the central zone has become more dense
  • myoblasts have fused into the myotubes in the regenerative zone
29
Q

healing of skeletal muscle day 7

A
  • regenerating muscle cells begin to pierce the scar by extending out of the old basal lamina cylinders
30
Q

healing of skeletal muscle day 14

A
  • the regenerating fibers close the central zone gap
  • the scar of the central zone has condensed further and is reduced in size
31
Q

healing of skeletal muscle day 21

A

the fibers have fused with little scar (connective tissue) in between

32
Q

Should we focus on immobilization or mobilization for fibrosis?

A

early mobilization is important

33
Q

what is myositis ossificans

A
  • bone/ca+ deposits in muscle after a hard impact
  • high contact sports or hemophillia/other bleeding disorders in conjunction with soft tissue injury
34
Q

COX enzymes form prostaglandins which play a role in __________

A

inflammation

35
Q

in skeletal muscle, prostaglandins participate in regulation of ____________

A

protein synthesis

36
Q

__________ is responsible for baseline levels of prostaglandins, ________ increases prostaglandins upon stimulation

A

COX1
COX2

37
Q

_________ inhibit both COX1 and COX2

A

NSAIDS (ibuphrofen and aspirin)

38
Q

newer INSAIDS (vivoxx, celebrex) target only ________-

A

COX2

39
Q

___________ reduces hypertrophy of overloaded muscles

A

ibuprofen

40
Q

NSAIDS ________ protein synthesis

A

decrease

41
Q

T or F: in the short term, NSAIDS increase force but in the long term hinders the healing process

A

T

42
Q

short term NSAID use results in

A

less soreness
less force decline
less inflammation

maybe less protein synthesis

43
Q

long term NSAID use results in

A

less force recovery
less fiber regrowth

44
Q

T or F: satellite cell number is blunted with NSAID use

A

T

45
Q

T or F: long term NSAID use blunts long-term skeletal muscle hypertrophy in chronic mechanical overload in rats

A

T

46
Q

what happens in the inflammatory phase of tendon repair

A
  • phagocytosis of necrotic debris
  • tenocytes proliferate
47
Q

what happens in the proliferative phase of tendon repair

A

synthesis of type 3 collagen (type 3 can be laid down faster but is weaker)

48
Q

what happens in the consolidation stage in the remodeling phase of tendon repair

A
  • tissue changes from cellular to fibrous
  • type 1 collagen is synthesized
49
Q

what happens in the maturation stage in the consolidation phase of tendon repair

A

fibrous tissue changes to scar-like tendon tissue

50
Q

muscle, lig, tendon: which heals fastest?

A

muscle, tendon, then ligament
*blood supply issue

Muscle Physiology (19 decks)

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