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Muscle Physiology > Bone and Cartilage > Flashcards

Bone and Cartilage Flashcards

1
Q

Hard bone forms when ___________- deposit calcium phosphate crystals in the matrix

A

osteoblasts

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2
Q

cartilage has firm but flexible matrix secreted by cells called ____________

A

chondrocytes

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3
Q

by what process does cartilage turn into bone?

A

endochondral ossification

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4
Q

what are the 3 types of cartilage we’re studying

A
  • hyaline
  • elastic
  • fibrocartilage
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5
Q

what is the most common type of cartilage

A

hyaline

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6
Q

what does hyaline cartilage consist of? what type of collagen?

A
  • type 2 collagen and proteoglycans
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7
Q

what is the purpose of ________ cartilage at the epiphyseal growth plate?

A

hyaline
- resists compressive forces at sites of bone articulation

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8
Q

which types of cartilage has a perichondrium membrane? what does not?

A

hyaline and elastic does, fibrocartilage does NOT

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9
Q

What type of collagen is in elastic cartilage?

A

type 2

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10
Q

where is elastic cartilage found?

A
  • larynx, ear, epiglottis, and eustachian tubes

this cartilage is flexible and pressure resistant!

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11
Q

What type of collagen is in fibrocartilage?

A

type 1

*fibrocartilage still has proteoglycans but much less than hyaline cartilage

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12
Q

Where is fibrocartilage found?

A
  • tendons, ligaments, intervertebral discs, some bone articular surfaces, and menisci
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13
Q

What is the perichondrium membrane?

A

a thin layer of connective tissue that surrounds and supports the cartilage

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14
Q

the perichondrium membrane has 2 layers. the outer fibrous layer has _____________ connective tissue rich in collagen fibers and the inner chondrogenic layer has ____________ connective tissue containing chondroblasts

A

dense irregular
loose connective tissue

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15
Q

of the perichondrium membrane, the _____________ layer is responsible for providing structural protection from external forces and the _________ layer is responsible for the growth and repair of the cartilage

A

outer fibrous
inner chondrogenic

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16
Q

fibrocartilaginous enthesis leads from ______ to ________ and allows for muscle contraction to transmit force through tendon to the bone

A

tendon to bone

17
Q

what are the 4 transition zones for fibrocartilaginous enthesis

A
  • tendinous area transition containing longitundinal fibroblasts and parallel arrangement of collagen fibers
  • fibrocartilaginous region where main cells transition from fibroblasts to chondrocytes
  • “tide mark” transition from cartilaginous to calcified fibrocartiage (perpendicular to bone)
  • bone
18
Q

is trabecular bone the same as spongy bone?

A

yes

19
Q

what is the difference in purpose between red and yellow bone marrow

A

red does hematopoesis, yellow is fatty tissue

20
Q

what is in the central haversian canals?

A

blood vessels

21
Q

what connects lacuna?

A

canicula

22
Q

what is contained in lacuna?

A

osteocytes

23
Q

-________ form bone, ________ reabsorb bone, __________ maintains bone tissue, __________- are bone stem cells that become ostoblasts

A

osteoblast
osteoclast
osteocyte
osteogenic cells

24
Q

bones _________ when matrix is deposited faster than it is resorbed

A

grow

25
Q

PTH is released when we need to _______ ca levels

A

raise

takes from bone, enhances renal reabsorption, and increases intestinal absorption

26
Q

PTH works with _________ to promote bone resorption, intestinal absorption, and distal nephron reabsorption, all of which tend to elevate plasma concentrations of Ca

A

calcitriol

27
Q

intestinal absorption is regulated by ______ and but ___________ absorption is not regulated

A

vitamin D3
paracellular

28
Q

renal reabsorption in distal tubule is regulated by _______ and __________

A

PTH and vitamin D3

29
Q

once inside an intestinal or renal cells, Ca binds to ______

A

calbindin

30
Q

Ncx works how?

A

3 Na in the cell, 1 Ca out

31
Q

T or F: PTH is stored until you need it

A

F, PTH is made when you need it and is destroyed quickly, within 20 minutes

32
Q

what is the primary hormone responsible for enhancing Ca uptake, is active vitamin D3, facilitates renal reabsorption of Ca, mobilizes Ca from bones, and production is regulated by PTH

A

calcitriol

33
Q

what hormone is produced by C cells of thyroid gland, is released when theres too much blood Ca, decreases bone resorption, increases renal Ca excretion and used to treat Paget’s disease

A

calcitonin

34
Q

To maintain Ca balance, Ca dietary intake should _______ loss in the urine and feces

A

equal

35
Q

Tor F: when growing new bone dividing chondrocytes adding length to the bone are on the distal end of the bone

A

T

36
Q

T or F: GH can directly stimulate cartilage growth

A

F, only bone and tissue growth and increase blood glucose.
IGF is the only thing that can stimulate cartilage growth directly

Muscle Physiology (19 decks)

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