Bone and Cartilage

Question 1

Hard bone forms when ___________- deposit calcium phosphate crystals in the matrix

Answer 1

osteoblasts

Question 2

cartilage has firm but flexible matrix secreted by cells called ____________

Answer 2

chondrocytes

Question 3

by what process does cartilage turn into bone?

Answer 3

endochondral ossification

Question 4

what are the 3 types of cartilage we’re studying

Answer 4

• hyaline
• elastic
• fibrocartilage

Question 5

what is the most common type of cartilage

Answer 5

hyaline

Question 6

what does hyaline cartilage consist of? what type of collagen?

Answer 6

• type 2 collagen and proteoglycans

Question 7

what is the purpose of ________ cartilage at the epiphyseal growth plate?

Answer 7

hyaline
- resists compressive forces at sites of bone articulation

Question 8

which types of cartilage has a perichondrium membrane? what does not?

Answer 8

hyaline and elastic does, fibrocartilage does NOT

Question 9

What type of collagen is in elastic cartilage?

Answer 9

type 2

Question 10

where is elastic cartilage found?

Answer 10

• larynx, ear, epiglottis, and eustachian tubes

this cartilage is flexible and pressure resistant!

Question 11

What type of collagen is in fibrocartilage?

Answer 11

type 1

*fibrocartilage still has proteoglycans but much less than hyaline cartilage

Question 12

Where is fibrocartilage found?

Answer 12

• tendons, ligaments, intervertebral discs, some bone articular surfaces, and menisci

Question 13

What is the perichondrium membrane?

Answer 13

a thin layer of connective tissue that surrounds and supports the cartilage

Question 14

the perichondrium membrane has 2 layers. the outer fibrous layer has _____________ connective tissue rich in collagen fibers and the inner chondrogenic layer has ____________ connective tissue containing chondroblasts

Answer 14

dense irregular
loose connective tissue

Question 15

of the perichondrium membrane, the _____________ layer is responsible for providing structural protection from external forces and the _________ layer is responsible for the growth and repair of the cartilage

Answer 15

outer fibrous
inner chondrogenic

Question 16

fibrocartilaginous enthesis leads from ______ to ________ and allows for muscle contraction to transmit force through tendon to the bone

Answer 16

tendon to bone

Question 17

what are the 4 transition zones for fibrocartilaginous enthesis

Answer 17

• tendinous area transition containing longitundinal fibroblasts and parallel arrangement of collagen fibers
• fibrocartilaginous region where main cells transition from fibroblasts to chondrocytes
• “tide mark” transition from cartilaginous to calcified fibrocartiage (perpendicular to bone)
• bone

Question 18

is trabecular bone the same as spongy bone?

Answer 18

yes

Question 19

what is the difference in purpose between red and yellow bone marrow

Answer 19

red does hematopoesis, yellow is fatty tissue

Question 20

what is in the central haversian canals?

Answer 20

blood vessels

Question 21

what connects lacuna?

Answer 21

canicula

Question 22

what is contained in lacuna?

Answer 22

osteocytes

Question 23

-________ form bone, ________ reabsorb bone, __________ maintains bone tissue, __________- are bone stem cells that become ostoblasts

Answer 23

osteoblast
osteoclast
osteocyte
osteogenic cells

Question 24

bones _________ when matrix is deposited faster than it is resorbed

Answer 24

grow

Question 25

PTH is released when we need to _______ ca levels

Answer 25

raise takes from bone, enhances renal reabsorption, and increases intestinal absorption

Question 26

PTH works with _________ to promote bone resorption, intestinal absorption, and distal nephron reabsorption, all of which tend to elevate plasma concentrations of Ca

Answer 26

calcitriol

Question 27

intestinal absorption is regulated by ______ and but ___________ absorption is not regulated

Answer 27

vitamin D3 paracellular

Question 28

renal reabsorption in distal tubule is regulated by _______ and __________

Answer 28

PTH and vitamin D3

Question 29

once inside an intestinal or renal cells, Ca binds to ______

Answer 29

calbindin

Question 30

Ncx works how?

Answer 30

3 Na in the cell, 1 Ca out

Question 31

T or F: PTH is stored until you need it

Answer 31

F, PTH is made when you need it and is destroyed quickly, within 20 minutes

Question 32

what is the primary hormone responsible for enhancing Ca uptake, is active vitamin D3, facilitates renal reabsorption of Ca, mobilizes Ca from bones, and production is regulated by PTH

Answer 32

calcitriol

Question 33

what hormone is produced by C cells of thyroid gland, is released when theres too much blood Ca, decreases bone resorption, increases renal Ca excretion and used to treat Paget's disease

Answer 33

calcitonin

Question 34

To maintain Ca balance, Ca dietary intake should _______ loss in the urine and feces

Answer 34

equal

Question 35

Tor F: when growing new bone dividing chondrocytes adding length to the bone are on the distal end of the bone

Answer 35

T

Question 36

T or F: GH can directly stimulate cartilage growth

Answer 36

F, only bone and tissue growth and increase blood glucose. IGF is the only thing that can stimulate cartilage growth directly