Inheritance

Question 1

What is inheritance?

Answer 1

Inheritance is the passing on of characteristics from one generation to the next

Question 2

What is an inheritable trait?

Answer 2

The inheritable trait is the trait being passed on eg. hair colour

Question 3

What does gene loci mean?

Answer 3

The location of the gene along the chromosome

Question 4

What are homologous pairs?

Answer 4

Two of the exact same chromosome

Question 5

What is an allele?

Answer 5

All the different forms of a gene, that will result in different gene products

Question 6

What is a gene?

Answer 6

A section of DNA that contains the sequence of nucleotides needed to create a gene product

Question 7

What is a phenotype?

Answer 7

Physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism that are the result of gene expression and the environment

Question 8

What is a dominant allele?

Answer 8

A dominant allele is an allele always expressed when present, as it overpowers any recessive allele

Question 9

What is a recessive allele?

Answer 9

A recessive allele is an allele only expressed if there are 2 copies of the allele

Question 10

What is a genotype?

Answer 10

The two sets of alleles an individual has inherited by the individual’s parents

Question 11

What is independent assortment?

Answer 11

The random assortment and distribution of chromosomes that happens during meiosis 1 but after crossing over

Question 12

What is incomplete dominance?

Answer 12

When genes in a heterozygous individual are both expressed but blend together to create a new phenotype

Question 13

What is codominance?

Answer 13

When genes in a heterozygous individual are both traits are expressed independantly eg. white and brown cows

Question 14

What is a punnet square?

Answer 14

A prediction to see what trait can be produced by crossing genes

Question 15

What are the two different types of cells?

Answer 15

Somatic - every other cell other than your sex cells

Sex cells - Gametes that are haploid

Question 16

What are epigenetics?

Answer 16

Epigenetics are the environmental factors that interact with your genetic material to affect your phenotype

Question 17

What are some examples of epigenetics?

Answer 17

Cellular processes
- enzymes
- wastes

Chemical factors
- adding chemical groups to DNA (histone-modifying - DNA is condensed tighter making genes less likely to be expressed)

Mutations

Post - Translation factors
- how cells fold

Environmental factors
- UV light
- diet
- dying hair
- temperature

Question 18

What is complete dominance?

Answer 18

When the presence of only one dominant allele results in the expression of only that gene

Question 19

FOIL method

Answer 19

First, Outside, Inside, Last

To find potential gametes

Question 20

What is true breeding?

Answer 20

When both parents are homozygous, and would produce offspring that would carry the same phenotype

Question 21

What are linked genes and unlinked genes?

Answer 21

Linked genes are close together on the same chromosome, while unlinked genes are located on different chromosomes or are on the same chromosome with a huge distance between them

Unlinked genes have an unlikely chance of being inherited together, while linked genes are likely of being inherited together

Question 22

What is a test cross?

Answer 22

when an individual expressing the dominant phenotype but with an unknown genotype is crossed with a homozygous recessive individual.

The results will indicate whether the individual with the dominant phenotype is homozygous dominant or heterozygous

Question 23

What are the linked ratios

Answer 23

1:0.1:0.2:1

0.1 and 0.2 are substantially lower and are recombinant chromosomes

Question 24

What are the unlinked ratios?

Answer 24

1:1:1:1 and 9:3:3:1

Question 25

Are linked genes separated during independent assortment?

Answer 25

Linked genes are not separated during independent assortment, however, they can occasionally be separated through crossing over

Question 26

What is a recombinant chromosome?

Answer 26

A chromosome which is not identical to one of the homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell as it a result of alleles crossing over

Question 27

What are dihybrid crosses?

Answer 27

Dihybrid crosses allow us to predict the potential genotypes of offspring for two genes. They also help with seeing whether genes are linked or unlinked