Information processing and memory Flashcards
What is information processing?
The process of taking into account the sporting environment and then making decisions prior to the execution of a skill.
What is the input (stimulus identification) phase of information processing?
Input - the performer is presented with a huge amount of sensory information
Display - the physical environment
What is the perceptual mechanism phase of information processing?
> Acts as a filter
Selective attention - deciding which stimuli are relevant
What has an impact on the efficiency of the perceptual mechanism?
> Experience
Arousal (increased alertness)
Quality of instruction
Intensity of stimulus
What is the response selection phase of information processing?
> Deciding on the necessary movement in the context of the present situation
Tanslatory / decision making mechanisms compare stimuli to long term memory to select appropriate motor programme
What is the response programming phase of information processing?
> Motor systems are organised to deliver the chosen movement
What are the effector mechanisms in response programming?
> Motor programmes / schemas are sent in the form of coded impulses through nerves to muscles
What role does the muscular system play in response programming?
> Muscles receive the impulse and initiate the movement
What is the output phase of information processing?
> The action is performed
The situation and results are stored in the long term memory for future reference
The result of the action gives the brain further information (feedback loop) - enabling further decisions to be made
What is Welford’s model of memory?
1) sense organs receive stimuli from environment
2) Performer perceives stimuli and uses selective attention to filter relevant stimuli into short term memory
3) Relevant stimuli are compared to previous experiences in the long term memory
4) The most appropriate response is chosen and the brain sends information to the muscles to initiate the movement
5) The result of the action is stored in the long term memory
What is Whitings’ model of memory?
1) Stimuli from the environment are detected by receptor systems which filter relevant stimuli into body boundary
2) Perceptual mechanism interprets the information from the display
3) Translatory mechanism uses gathered information to make a decision
4) Effector mechanism transfers decision via the nervous system to the muscles to complete the action
What is DCR?
1) Detection phase
2) Comparison phase
3) Recognition phase
What is the detection phase in DCR?
The process of registering the stimulus by the sense organ
What is the comparison phase in DCR?
The process of referring the stimulus to the memory to compare it the previously stored stimuli
What is the recognition phase in DCR?
The process of finding corresponding stimuli in the memory
What are characteristics of short term sensory stores?
> Large capacity for information
Stored for 0.25-1 second
Selective attention occurs to pass relevant stimuli to STM
What are characteristics of short term memory?
> ‘working memory’ - responsible for decision making
Limited capacity (5-9 items)
Stored for 30 seconds
What can be used to improve the short term memory?
> Chunking - breaking down
Chaining - linking together
> Encoding - converting information into codes
Semantic codes - the conversion of information according to meaning
What are characteristics of the long term memory?
> Almost unlimited capacity - thought to be permanent
Holds encoded information gained from past experience
What are the four stages of information retrieval?
1) Recognition
2) Recall
3) Relearning
4) Imagery
What is the recognition stage in information retrieval?
> Performer sees something familiar in regards to style/technique of opponent
What is the recall stage of information retrieval?
> Performer actively searches their memory stores for certain previously leaned skills or information that may help to solve a problem
What is the relearning stage of information retrieval?
> If something has previously been learned, but then forgotten, it will possibly be easier to learn the second time
What is the imagery stage of information retrieval?
> When a performer is able to ‘hook’ their present situation onto some form of visual image of a previously well-performed situation, skill, or strategy
What are coach/performer implications to sustain good long term memory?
> Rehearse, reinforce, repeat
Link information familiar information
Make stimuli more intense
Chunking/chaining
Imagery
