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2nd Sem > Information Management - 1 > Flashcards

Information Management - 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Database

A
  • solve many of the problems encountered in data management
  • Used in almost all modern settings involving data management
    1. business
    2. research
    3. administration
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2
Q

Data

A
  • raw facts
  • foundation of information and bedrock of knowledge
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3
Q

information

A
  • result of processed raw data to reveal its meaning
  • requires context
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4
Q

raw data

A

should be formatted for storage, preocessing, information

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5
Q

Data

second definition

A

building blocks of information

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6
Q

Information

second definition

A
  • produced by processing data
  • used to reveal meaning of data
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7
Q

decision making

A
  • accurate, timely, relevant key for good decision making
  • key for organizational survival
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8
Q

database

A

shared, integrated computer strcuture that collects: end-user and metadata

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9
Q

end-user

A

raw facts that are in interest of end-user

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10
Q

metadata

A
  • data about data
  • procide data characteristics
  • complement and expand value of data
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11
Q

database management system
(DBMS)

A
  • collection of programs
  • manages structure and controls access data
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12
Q

role of dbms

A
  • dbms serves as intermediary between user and database
  • database structure stores file collection
  • file collection can only be accessed through dbms
  • dbms enables users to share data
  • dbms integrates many users’ view of the data
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13
Q

dbms interaction between enduser and database

A

https://player.slideplayer.com/89/14390402/slides/slide_4.jpg

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14
Q

dbms advantages

A
  1. improved data sharing
  2. improved data security
  3. minimized data inconsistency
  4. improved data access
  5. improved decision making
  6. increased enduser productivity
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14
Q

dbms advantages

A
  1. improved data sharing
  2. improved data security
  3. minimized data inconsistency
  4. improved data access
  5. improved decision making
  6. increased enduser productivity
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15
Q

databasese can be classified

A
  • number of users
  • database location
  • expected type and extent of use
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16
Q

Single-user database

A

one user at a time
example: PC

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17
Q

Multi-user database

A

caters multiple users at a single time
example: workgroup and enterprise

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18
Q

centralized database

A

data located at a single location

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19
Q

Distributed database

A

data distributed into several different sites

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20
Q

Operational database

A
  • company’s day-to-day operation
  • transactional or production database
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21
Q

Data warehouse

A

dta stored for tactical or strategical decisions

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22
Q

Unstructured data

A

data in their original state

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23
Q

Structured data

A
  • data result from formatting
  • structure applied based on type of processing to be performed
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24
Q

Semistructured data

A

have been processed to some extent

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25
Q

Extensible Markup Language

A
  • data elements in a textual format
  • XML database supports semistructured XML data
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26
Q

Types of database

A
  1. Single-user database
  2. Multi-user database
  3. Centralized database
  4. Distributed database
  5. Operational Database
  6. Data Warehouse
  7. Unstructured data
  8. Structured data
  9. Semstructured data
  10. Extensible Markup Language
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27
Q

database design

A
  • focuses on the design of database structure for the end-user data
  • designer must identify database expected use
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27
Q

Well-designed database

A
  • facilitates data management
  • generate accurate and valuable information
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28
Q

Poorly-designed database

A

causes difficult-to-trace errors

29
Q

Reasons for studying system files

A
  1. Complexity of database design makes its easier to understand
  2. Understanding file system problems help aboid DBMS problem systems
  3. Knowledge on file system makes it easier to convert file to database system
30
Q

File system

A
  • oraganized by their expected use
  • collection of folders that are tagged and kept in a cabinet
31
Q

Contents of folder are:

A

logically related

32
Q

Manual Systems

A
  • repository for small datasets
  • cumbersome for large datasets
33
Q

Computerized file systems

A
  • data processing specialist converted computer file structure from manual system
  • wrotethe software that managed the data
  • designed the application programs
34
Q

Initially, computer file sysetms resemebed

A

manual system

35
Q

File

A
  • collection of characters with specific meaning
  • used to define ans store data
36
Q

Record

A

logically connected set that is used to describe person or things

37
Q

File

A

collection of related records

38
Q

File system is an improvement over manual systems

A
  • file systems used for more thna two decades
  • understanding current shortcomings help aid in development of modern tech
  • many problems not unique to file systems
39
Q

Even simple retrieval task required extensive programming

A
  • ad hoc queries is impossible
  • changing structure is difficult
40
Q

security features difficult to program

A

oftern omitted on system environment

41
Q

Summary of file system limitations

A
  1. requires extensive programming
  2. cannot perfom ad hoc queries
  3. system administration is complex and difficult
  4. difficult to chnage existing structures
  5. system security is likely inadequate
42
Q

Problems with File System Data Processing

A
  1. File system is an improvement more than manual system
  2. Even simple file task retrieval needs extensive programming
  3. Security features are difficult to program
43
Q

Structural dependence

A
  • access to a file is dependent on its own structure
  • all programs should be modified to create new file structure
44
Q

Structural independence

A

changes the file structure without affecting data access

45
Q

Data dependence

A

data access changes when data strorage characteristics change

46
Q

Data independence

A

data storage characteristics does not affect data access

47
Q

Significance of data dependence

A

differencebetween phyical and logical format

48
Q

Logical format

A

how human views the data

49
Q

Physical format

A

how computer must work with data

50
Q

Each program must contain

A
  • specific line opening of a specific file type
  • record specification
  • field definition
51
Q

Each program must contain

A
  • specific line opening of a specific file type
  • record specification
  • field definition
52
Q

Data redundancy

A

same data stored unnecessarily in different places

53
Q

Data inconsistency

A

different conflicting versions of same data stored in different places

54
Q

Data abnormalities

A

abnormalities occur in redundant data when changes does not occur correctly
* Update anomalies
* Insertion anomalies
* Deletion anomalies

55
Q

Data modelling skills

A

are important in data design process

56
Q

Good data modeling

A
57
Q

Database Systems consists:

A

logically related data stored in logical data repository
* physical attributes are distributed
* DBMS eliminate file system’s problems
* current generation stores data structures, relationship between structures, access paths

58
Q

Database system

A

defines and regulates the collection, storage, management, use of data

59
Q

Five major parts of a database system

A
  1. HArdware
  2. Software
  3. Procedure
  4. People
  5. Data
60
Q

hardware

A

computer’s physical devices

61
Q

software

A
  • Operating system software
  • DBMS software
  • Application program and utility software
62
Q

People

A

all users of the system

63
Q

Procedure

A

tasks and rules given that govern the design and use of database system

64
Q

Data

majory part of system

A

the collection of facts stored in the database

65
Q

Databse system

last definition

A

are created and managed at different levels of complexity

66
Q

Database Solutions

A

must be cost-effective as well as tactically and strategically effective

67
Q

Databse Technology

A

technology already in use affects selection of a database system

68
Q

DBMS Functions

A

1. Most functions are transparent to end users
* Can only be achieved through the DBMS
2. Data dictionary management
* DBMS stores definitions of data elements and relationships (metadata) in a data dictionary
* DBMS looks up required data component structures and relationships
* Changes automatically recorded in the dictionary
* DBMS provides data abstraction and removes structural and data dependency
3. Data storage management
* DBMS creates and manages complex structures required for data storage
* Also stores related data entry forms, screen definitions, report definitions, etc.
* Performance tuning: activities that make the database perform more efficiently
* DBMS stores the database in multiple physical data files
4. Data transformation and presentation
5. Security Management
6. Multiuser access control
7. Backup and recovery management
8. Data Integrity management
9. Database access language and programming interfaces
10. Database communication Interfaces

69
Q

Query language

A

nonprocedural language

70
Q

Structured Query Language

A

is the de facto query language

71
Q

Managing the Database System: A Shift in Focus

A
  • Database system provides a framework in which strict procedures and standards enforced
  • Role of human changes from programming to managing organization’s resources
  • Database system enables more sophisticated use of the data
  • Data structures created within the database and their relationships determine effectiveness
    *

2nd Sem (21 decks)

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