info from slides Flashcards
vasotec
enalapril maleate. ace inhibitor used to treat high BP
trandate
labetalol hydrochloride. beta 1 and 2 blocker. also blocks alpha 1. reduces heart strain and bp
albuterol sulfate
proventil HFA
additive interactions
1+1=2 sum of two effects is equal to each of them given separately but at the same time
Synergistic Interactions:
The summation of each individual drug’s activity exceeds the sum of the two individual drugs”
Potentiation:
One drug (which has no direct effect) increases the response of the other drug, which normally has a lesser effect”
law of mass action drug receptor inter actions
reversible because drug receptor complex is reversible. effects are proportional to # of receptors occupied. effects plateau because of limitation of total # of receptors. drug effects are proportional to dose
intrinsic activity
measure of drugs effectiveness of causing a response (efficacy) An antagonistic drug’s intrinsic activity is 0, meaning it would bind but have no response. An intrinsic activity of 1 would be a full agonist, and 0.5 would equal a partial agonist.
tolerance
increased amount of drug needed to produce same effect
desensitization
longterm exposure makes tissues/cells less responsive over time
down regulation
ccurs over a longer period than desensitization (hours to days to weeks)
- Receptors are internalized and eliminated
- Consequently, the effects of down- regulation are longer-lasting
potency
The amount of drug necessary to produce an effect of a given magnitude”
- Potencies are compared by the amount of drug required to produce 50% of the maximal effect (EC50)
- Differences in potency can be overcome by simply giving more drug.
efficacy
he ability of a drug to elicit a response when it interacts with a receptor”
- Think of fentanyl being more potent than morphine and both are more effica- cious for pain than aspirin.
- Efficacy is generally more important than potency.
therapeutic index
herapeutic Index = The TD50/ED50 -The ratio of the drug doses that produces a specified toxic effect in 50% of the population vs. the dose that produces a specified therapeutic effect in 50% of the population. 2 or lower is not safe
signal amplification
One drug molecule interacts with many receptors.
2) The activated receptors can persist for longer than the original drug ligand/receptor complex existed.