info from slides Flashcards

1
Q

vasotec

A

enalapril maleate. ace inhibitor used to treat high BP

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2
Q

trandate

A

labetalol hydrochloride. beta 1 and 2 blocker. also blocks alpha 1. reduces heart strain and bp

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3
Q

albuterol sulfate

A

proventil HFA

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4
Q

additive interactions

A

1+1=2 sum of two effects is equal to each of them given separately but at the same time

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5
Q

Synergistic Interactions:

A

The summation of each individual drug’s activity exceeds the sum of the two individual drugs”

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6
Q

Potentiation:

A

One drug (which has no direct effect) increases the response of the other drug, which normally has a lesser effect”

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7
Q

law of mass action drug receptor inter actions

A

reversible because drug receptor complex is reversible. effects are proportional to # of receptors occupied. effects plateau because of limitation of total # of receptors. drug effects are proportional to dose

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8
Q

intrinsic activity

A

measure of drugs effectiveness of causing a response (efficacy) An antagonistic drug’s intrinsic activity is 0, meaning it would bind but have no response. An intrinsic activity of 1 would be a full agonist, and 0.5 would equal a partial agonist.

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9
Q

tolerance

A

increased amount of drug needed to produce same effect

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10
Q

desensitization

A

longterm exposure makes tissues/cells less responsive over time

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11
Q

down regulation

A

ccurs over a longer period than desensitization (hours to days to weeks)

  • Receptors are internalized and eliminated
  • Consequently, the effects of down- regulation are longer-lasting
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12
Q

potency

A

The amount of drug necessary to produce an effect of a given magnitude”

  • Potencies are compared by the amount of drug required to produce 50% of the maximal effect (EC50)
  • Differences in potency can be overcome by simply giving more drug.
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13
Q

efficacy

A

he ability of a drug to elicit a response when it interacts with a receptor”

  • Think of fentanyl being more potent than morphine and both are more effica- cious for pain than aspirin.
  • Efficacy is generally more important than potency.
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14
Q

therapeutic index

A
herapeutic Index =
The TD50/ED50
-The ratio of the drug doses that
produces a specified toxic effect in
50% of the population vs. the dose
that produces a specified therapeutic
effect in 50% of the population.
2 or lower is not safe
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15
Q

signal amplification

A

One drug molecule interacts with many receptors.

2) The activated receptors can persist for longer than the original drug ligand/receptor complex existed.

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16
Q

three aspects of drug receptor function

A

Receptors determine the nature and characteristics of the “Drug Concentration-Effect Curve”.

2) Receptors function as regulatory proteins and part of chemical signaling mechanisms that provide targets for drugs.
3) Receptors determine the therapeutic and toxic effects of drugs on a critter.

17
Q

types of receptors

A

regulatory proteins such as
neurotransmittors or hormones
2) Enzymes
3) Transport proteins such as Na+/K+ ATPase
4) Structural proteins such as tubulin, the receptor for colchicine

18
Q

spare receptor concept

A

1) Maximal response can be achieved by an agonist even if only a fraction of the receptors are occupied.
2) Sensitivity of the cell to an agonist concentration depends on affinity of receptors for the drug and total receptor concentration.

19
Q

bioavailability

A

The fraction of an

administered drug that reaches the systemic circulation”

20
Q

Factors affecting Bioavailability

A

Solubility characteristics of the drug. Chemical Stability in the GI tract. Drug formulation

21
Q

Volume of Distribution

• This distribution is mostly dependent on three things:

A

Blood flow, fat/water solubility, and protein binding.

22
Q

This half-life assumption assumes “First Order Kinetics”

A

First Order Kinetics: “The rate of drug metabolism and elimination is directly proportional to the concentration of free drug”

23
Q

clearance rate=

A

(.693 x Vd)/T(1/2/)

24
Q

Zero-Order Kinetics

A

ome drugs are administered in such high quantities (dosages) that they are eliminated by a constant AMOUNT (not proportion) over time because they’ve overwhelmed clearance mechanisms

25
Q

earance, half-life, and volume of distribution are all related to

A

drug dosing. Sooooo….it means that repeated dosing of a drug won’t allow for the drug to “accumulate” in the critter unless the dosing interval is < 4 half- lives.
• ….and accumulation of a drug is necessary in order for the drug to reach a “steady-state” in the critter’s plasma.

26
Q

Target Concentration”

A

The drug concentration that will produce the desired therapeutic effect.”

27
Q

Loading Dose=

A

(Vd)x(Target plasma concentration)/ Bioavailability %

28
Q

Maintenance Dosing=

A

(Cl)x(Target plasma concentration)/bioavailability%. Dosing rate X Dosing interval

29
Q

What does Biotransformation accomplish?

A

Biotransformation can shorten a drug’s biological half-life: if an anesthetic is very non-polar (and thus enters the brain easily) biotransforming it into a polar molecule can greatly decrease its activity (and biological half-life.) Alternatively, biotransformation can turn non- biologically active chemicals into active drugs or convert drugs into even more active forms.

30
Q

two types of biotransformation

A

Phase I Biotransformation:Metabolizes the drug into a more polar form. Phase II Biotransformation:Conjugates the drug with another chemical (such as acetylation)

31
Q

induced vs inhibited cytochrome p450

A

Induced P450 enzymes metabolize drugs faster.

Inihibited P450 enzymes metabolize drugs slower.

32
Q

Semiautonomouspart of ANS in the GI tract

A

Twocomponents: 1) Myenteric plexus
(plexus of Auerbach)
2) Submucous plexus (plexus of Meissner)
These neurons send sensory input to the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems and receives motor output from them

33
Q

FEEDBACK OF NOREPINEPHRINE

A

BARORECEPTORS SENSE INCREASED PRESSURE. They begin to fire and cause vagal stimulation which slows HR. So net effect is increase in SVR through alpha receptors and decrease in HR even though it has direct chronotropic effects

34
Q

autoreceptor

A

If the presynaptic neuron is inhibited by the chemical it produces (such as norepinephine) i

35
Q

heteroreceptor

A

f the presynaptic neuron is inhibited by chemicals that are released by neurons with which it has a synapse (and which that presynaptic neuron doesn’t produce)

36
Q

Six Steps of Cholinergic Neurotransmission

A
  1. )synthesis of ACH (INHIBITED BY HEMICHOLINIUM) rate limiting and has to be actively transported
  2. ) uptake into storage vesicles where it is protected from degradation
  3. )release of ACH
  4. )binds to postsynaptic receptor
  5. )deagradtion of ACH by ACHe in synaptic cleft
  6. )recycling of choline by Na transport which allows it to get into membrane