Influence of IWM

Question 1

What is the internal working model?

Answer 1

are a set of expectations of how a partner in a relationship should behave and what should be expected

Question 2

What did Bowlby suggest about how a young child develops an IWM?

Answer 2

IWM developed from their relationship with their primary caregiver (monotropic figure)- the infant’s experience of the outcomes of their proximity seeking behaviours

Question 3

What type of response to PS behaviours is believed to lead to the development the 3 different types of attachment expectations?

Answer 3

If caregiver accepting of PS behaviours = develops expectation of secure A behaviour in relationships
If caregiver consistently denies PS behaviours = expectation of Avoidant-A
If caregiver inconsistently denies PS behaviours = ambivalent expectation

Question 4

What did Hazan and Shaver do to to find out people’s attitude towards love and to asses the IWM?

Answer 4

• ‘love quiz’ in a US small town newspaper

- multiple choice Q’s to asses current + childhood A types

Question 5

What was the breakdown of the 620 volunteer participant sample in Hazan and Shaver’s study?

Answer 5

• 205 men

- 415 women

Question 6

When analysing self-report of A history, what similarity had they found?

Answer 6

the prevalence of A styles similar to that found in infancy

-59% secure, 25% avoidant, 19% resistant

Question 7

What did Hazan and Shaver find a positive correlation between?

Answer 7

A types and love experiences

Question 8

How did securely A adults describe their love life and what was the emphasis on?

Answer 8

• happy, friendly and trusting

- emphasis on being able to accept and support their partner despite faults

Question 9

What type of relationship was more enduring in Hazan and Shaver study?

Answer 9

those with securely A adults - 10 years on average compared to 5 and 6 yrs for resistant and avoidant participants, respectively

Question 10

What type of relationship did Hazan and Shaver also find between the concept of love (IWM) and A type?

Answer 10

Securely A individuals tended to have a positive internal working model

Question 11

What are the four behaviours influenced by the IWM?

Answer 11

1. Childhood friendships - the Minnesota child-parent
2. Poor Parenting - harlow, Quinton et al
3. Romantic relationships - Hazan + Shaver
4. Mental Health

Question 12

What did the Minnesota child-parent study found regarding the relationship between early A and later emotional/social behaviour?

Answer 12

• A continuity
• Individuals classified Securely A - highest rated for social competence later in childhood, less isolated, more popular and empathetic
• explained in IWM, securely A = higher expectations of others and friendly and trusting = easier relationships with others

Question 13

What did Harlow and Quinton et al find that supports the lack of IWM leading to poor parenting?

Answer 13

• Harlow’s research - monkeys demonstrated link between poor A = PP
• Quinton et al - same in humans
• Lack of IWM = individuals lack reference points to subsequent relationships with their own children

Question 14

What did Hazan and shaver’s study demonstrate between early A type and later relationship?

Answer 14

a link showing…

-individuals securely A had longer lasting romantic relationships

Question 15

What are the characteristics of a child with A disordered as a result of a lack of A during the critical period = lack of IWM?

Answer 15

• no preferred A figure
• an inability to interact and relate to others
• evident b4 age of 5
• experience severe neglect/frequent caregiver change

Question 16

What has A disorder recently been classified as?

Answer 16

A distinct psychiatric condition and included in DSM

Question 17

What study supports the continuity of A type behaviour into adulthood?

Answer 17

Hazan and shaver

• questionnaire, +tive correlation, Securely A adults, More enduring, concept of love and A type
• +tive correlations consistent w/ concept of childhood A types shaping later Adult behaviour

Question 18

What did Zimmerman et al and research by Rutter and Quinton found that shows limits to continuity and that rather than just childhood A shaping adult behaviour, later experiences play an important role in adult relationship?

Answer 18

Z: life events, parental divorce influence adult security
RQ: women w/ difficult early experience developed security if they had good school XP + strong adult relationships

Question 19

Why can we not claim that the relationship between early A and later lifestyles is one of cause and effect? (1)

Answer 19

Research linking IWM w/ later relationship experiences is correlational rather than experimental

• possible both caused by something different - innate temperament
• Kagan’s temperament hypothesis

Question 20

Describe how Kagan’s temperament hypothesis provide a alternative explanation for early A and later love styles rather than the continuity of A behaviour suggested by IWM:

Answer 20

• proposes infant’s temperament affects parent response = determining factor in infant A type?
• Individual temperament explain their issues (good or bad) w/ relationship later in life?