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level 1 Pathophysiology Exam 1 > Inflammatory Response > Flashcards

Inflammatory Response Flashcards

1
Q

Inflammation

A

Destroy infectious and injurious organisms
Block site of infection to limit damage
Stimulates the immune response (3-4 days)
Stimulates tissue healing

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2
Q

Inflammationcharacteristics of IR

A 
Occurs in vascular tissues 
Immediate anywhere between minutes to a few hours
Nonspecific 
No memory 
Self limitating
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3
Q

Cytokines and mediators

A

INflammatory chemicals that can affect anything, host and non-host

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4
Q

Cells of IR

A

WBC’s
Endothelial cells
And platelets

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5
Q

Chemicals of IR

A

Cytokines, vasoactive inflammatory mediators, and anti-inflammatory mediators
Use them to communicate between WBC’s

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6
Q

Plasma protein systems IR

A

Complement, clotting, and kinin systems

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7
Q

Activation of IR

A

Trauma to cell membrane

Ex.) hypoxic injury, chemical injury, thermal injury, radiation, infection, immmune injury

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8
Q

*****Mast cells

A

Cells of IR
Most important activator Of the local IR
Location: tissue not blood

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9
Q

Activation of mast cells

A

Local cellular injury
Bacterial endotoxin
Complement proteins
Immunologic factors

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10
Q

Function of mast cells

A

Degranulation
Release of preformed chemicals such as: histamine
Synthesis of mediators: arachadonic acid

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11
Q

Histamine:

A

Major chemical
Vasodilation
Increased capillary permeability
Non-vascular smooth muscle contraction

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12
Q

Vasodilation

A

Increases blood flow
Quick and temporary vasoconstriction
Caused by relaxing of vascular smooth muscle cells in blood vessels

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13
Q

Increased capillary permeability

A

Plasma, proteins, etc… leave capillaries to go to the sight of infection

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14
Q

Non-vascular smooth muscle contraction

A 
When they are not in the blood vessels
GI tract (cramping from an infection in stomach causing you to throw up)
Bronchi constriction
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15
Q

Synthesis of mediators

A

AA metabolites

  • leukotrienes
  • prostaglandins
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16
Q

Leukotrienes

A

Same as a histamine actions
Synthesized in mast cells
Released near capillaries would cause increase of cap permeability
Released in lungs would cause vasoconstriction due to it not being a blood vessel
Benadryl

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17
Q

Prostaglandins

A

Histamine and pain
Synthesized in mast cells
Chemical that causes pain
Counteracted by aspirin, ibuprofen, and Tylenol

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18
Q

Basophils

A

Similar to mast cells and they release histamine and leukotrienes into the blood stream
Also releases heparin(blood thinner)

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19
Q

Neutrophils/bands

A

Arrive during acute phases of inflammation (6-12 hours)
One of the first WBC’s to the sight
Phagocytosis of debris and infection

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20
Q

Eosinophils

A

Release chemicals that control inflammation
Histamine is inactivated by histaminase
Phagocytosis of parasites
Involved in allergic responses

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21
Q

High eosinophil countr

A

High count then that might mean that there is a parasitic infection or and allergic reaction happening

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22
Q

Monocytes/macrophages

A

Released into bloodstream by the bone marrow as a monocytes
Once it has reached the infected tissue then it matures to a macrophage
They don’t side right away can stay for long periods of time to fight the next infection
Phagocytosis of bacteria and debris

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23
Q

Complement system

A 
10% of proteins 
Vasodilation
Opsonizatin
Chemotaxis
Cell lysis
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24
Q

Opsonization

A

Bound onto outside of bacteria so that it is attractive to the phagocyte. Without it there will be no recognition

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25
Chemotaxis
The release of chemicals that attract other histamine circling, chemical road map
26
Clotting system
Produces fibrin
27
Fibrin
Forms a meshwork to stop bleeding Limits infection Forms framework for scar tissue formation
28
Heat and redness
The blood flow (vasodilation) is causing the heat and redness How close it is to the surface will determine the heat and redness
29
Pain
Prostaglandins released by the mast cell cause the pain
30
Edema/swelling
Means a buildup of water outside of the cells Less oxygen which can cause hypoxic injury Ice to try and stop edema ( less blood circulation)
31
Systematic manifestations of acute inflammation
Fever
32
Fever
Caused by bacterial endotoxin, interleukins, prostaglandins, etc... Mainly gram - bacteria
33
Mechanisms of a fever
Increased cell metabolism, shivering, vasoconstriction of arterioles in skin
34
Purpose of a fever
Disrupt metabolism of temperature sensitive bacteria, increased WBC activity
35
Harmful effects of a fever
Temps above >41 degrees Celsius or 105 degrees Fahrenheit causes cell dysfunction
36
Leukocytes
Increased in total WBC count | Leuko: means white
37
Acute inflammation
Increase in neutrophil count | Increase in bands (immature neutrophils)
38
Chronic inflammation
Increase in monocytes count | Talks to bone marrow to increase the neutrophils due to a chronic infection or chronic inflammation
39
Mast cells and macrophages
Talk to the bone marrow to produce mast cells and are not in the WBC count due to not circulating in blood and are only in tissues
40
Increased circulating plasma proteins
Acute phase reactants Released by liver in response to interleukins Released to the bloodstream
41
C-reactive protein
Good marker for inflammation, detects early onset of cardiovascular disease (CRP)
42
Vascular response to systemic or severe inflammation
Occurs if vasoactive inflammatory mediators circulate systematicallly. Causes: bloodstream infection, localized infection, massive trauma
43
Hypotension (VR)
Low blood pressure
44
Systemic edema
Fluid in ECF
45
Hypovolemia
They make look full of fluid but their might be low blood pressure because they are losing volume to the tissues
46
Immune response
Can cause cell injury and stimulate pathological inflammation Allergic responses and hypersensitive reactions Respond to tissue grafts Can cause autoimmune disease
47
Cells of Immune response
B lymphocytes: produce antibodies | t lymphocytes
48
Inflammatory vs. immune
Inflammatory response is rapid, nonspecific, no memory, involves many cells. Immune response slower, specific, memory, lymphocytes and antibodies, can be induced by vaccination
49
Antigen
A molecule that is recognized by lymphocytes and reacts with antibodies
50
Foreign antigen
Viruses Bacteria Pollens and allergens Food or drugs
51
Self-antigen
``` Human leukocyte antigen RBC antigen (A, B and Rh antigen) Platenlets dont have antigen ```
52
HLA
Self surface proteins distinguishing self from non-self Present on all cell membrane except RBC's and platelets Major histocompatability complex; genomic region that directs synthesis of HLA antigen
53
B lymphocyte response
Also called the humoral response | Mature b lymphocytes (plasma cells) produce immunoglobulins (antibodies)
54
Antibody
Immunoglobulin that have specificity for a particular antigen
55
Antibody classes
IgM IgG IgA IgE
56
IgM
General antibody, highest tigers present during primary immune response
57
IgG
General antibody, highest tigers present during secondary immune response
58
IgA
Performed antibody found in sweat, saliva, tears, and breast milk
59
IgE
Antibody produced during allergic responses | Type 1 hypersensitivity reactions
60
Function of antibodies
Begins with antigen binding to form antigen-antibody complexes Neutralize bacteria and viruses Promotes phagocytosis of bacteria and viruses via opsonization Activate the compliment cascade
61
Primary and secondary immune response
Confer active acquired immunity
62
Primary
Antigenic challenge with production of measurable immunoglobins, primarily IgM, after a latent period of about 5 days
63
Secondary
A second antigen challenge with more rapid and larger production of immunoglobins, primarily IgG
64
T lymphocyte response
Cellular response
65
Cytosine T cells (Tc cells)
Attack antigen directly and kill cells bearing foreign antigen
66
Helper T cells (Th cells)
Required to activate the primary B and T lymphocyte response
67
Memory T cells (Tm cells)
Induce secondary immune response
68
Regulatory T cell (Treg)
Develop in the thymus or peripheral tissues and suppress B cell and T cell activation
69
Vaccination
A process of stimulating a protective immune response against microbes through exposure to nonpathogenic forms or components of the microbes
70
Inactivated
Virulent microbes are killed to abolish their infectivity and pathogenicity, yet still retain their immunogenicity. May not be safe for immunocompromised individuals. Ex) measles, mumps, rubella, varicella, flu, oral polio, rabies
71
Toxoid
Vaccine is made from inactivated bacterial toxin | Ex) tetanus toxoid, diphtheria toxoid, rattlesnake venom

level 1 Pathophysiology Exam 1 (10 decks)

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