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level 1 Pathophysiology Exam 1 > Inflammatory Response > Flashcards

Inflammatory Response Flashcards

1
Q

Inflammation

A

Destroy infectious and injurious organisms
Block site of infection to limit damage
Stimulates the immune response (3-4 days)
Stimulates tissue healing

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2
Q

Inflammationcharacteristics of IR

A 
Occurs in vascular tissues 
Immediate anywhere between minutes to a few hours
Nonspecific 
No memory 
Self limitating
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3
Q

Cytokines and mediators

A

INflammatory chemicals that can affect anything, host and non-host

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4
Q

Cells of IR

A

WBC’s
Endothelial cells
And platelets

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5
Q

Chemicals of IR

A

Cytokines, vasoactive inflammatory mediators, and anti-inflammatory mediators
Use them to communicate between WBC’s

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6
Q

Plasma protein systems IR

A

Complement, clotting, and kinin systems

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7
Q

Activation of IR

A

Trauma to cell membrane

Ex.) hypoxic injury, chemical injury, thermal injury, radiation, infection, immmune injury

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8
Q

*****Mast cells

A

Cells of IR
Most important activator Of the local IR
Location: tissue not blood

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9
Q

Activation of mast cells

A

Local cellular injury
Bacterial endotoxin
Complement proteins
Immunologic factors

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10
Q

Function of mast cells

A

Degranulation
Release of preformed chemicals such as: histamine
Synthesis of mediators: arachadonic acid

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11
Q

Histamine:

A

Major chemical
Vasodilation
Increased capillary permeability
Non-vascular smooth muscle contraction

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12
Q

Vasodilation

A

Increases blood flow
Quick and temporary vasoconstriction
Caused by relaxing of vascular smooth muscle cells in blood vessels

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13
Q

Increased capillary permeability

A

Plasma, proteins, etc… leave capillaries to go to the sight of infection

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14
Q

Non-vascular smooth muscle contraction

A 
When they are not in the blood vessels
GI tract (cramping from an infection in stomach causing you to throw up)
Bronchi constriction
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15
Q

Synthesis of mediators

A

AA metabolites

  • leukotrienes
  • prostaglandins
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16
Q

Leukotrienes

A

Same as a histamine actions
Synthesized in mast cells
Released near capillaries would cause increase of cap permeability
Released in lungs would cause vasoconstriction due to it not being a blood vessel
Benadryl

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17
Q

Prostaglandins

A

Histamine and pain
Synthesized in mast cells
Chemical that causes pain
Counteracted by aspirin, ibuprofen, and Tylenol

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18
Q

Basophils

A

Similar to mast cells and they release histamine and leukotrienes into the blood stream
Also releases heparin(blood thinner)

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19
Q

Neutrophils/bands

A

Arrive during acute phases of inflammation (6-12 hours)
One of the first WBC’s to the sight
Phagocytosis of debris and infection

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20
Q

Eosinophils

A

Release chemicals that control inflammation
Histamine is inactivated by histaminase
Phagocytosis of parasites
Involved in allergic responses

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21
Q

High eosinophil countr

A

High count then that might mean that there is a parasitic infection or and allergic reaction happening

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22
Q

Monocytes/macrophages

A

Released into bloodstream by the bone marrow as a monocytes
Once it has reached the infected tissue then it matures to a macrophage
They don’t side right away can stay for long periods of time to fight the next infection
Phagocytosis of bacteria and debris

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23
Q

Complement system

A 
10% of proteins 
Vasodilation
Opsonizatin
Chemotaxis
Cell lysis
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24
Q

Opsonization

A

Bound onto outside of bacteria so that it is attractive to the phagocyte. Without it there will be no recognition

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25
Q

Chemotaxis

A

The release of chemicals that attract other histamine circling, chemical road map

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26
Q

Clotting system

A

Produces fibrin

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27
Q

Fibrin

A

Forms a meshwork to stop bleeding
Limits infection
Forms framework for scar tissue formation

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28
Q

Heat and redness

A

The blood flow (vasodilation) is causing the heat and redness
How close it is to the surface will determine the heat and redness

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29
Q

Pain

A

Prostaglandins released by the mast cell cause the pain

30
Q

Edema/swelling

A

Means a buildup of water outside of the cells
Less oxygen which can cause hypoxic injury
Ice to try and stop edema ( less blood circulation)

31
Q

Systematic manifestations of acute inflammation

A

Fever

32
Q

Fever

A

Caused by bacterial endotoxin, interleukins, prostaglandins, etc…
Mainly gram - bacteria

33
Q

Mechanisms of a fever

A

Increased cell metabolism, shivering, vasoconstriction of arterioles in skin

34
Q

Purpose of a fever

A

Disrupt metabolism of temperature sensitive bacteria, increased WBC activity

35
Q

Harmful effects of a fever

A

Temps above >41 degrees Celsius or 105 degrees Fahrenheit causes cell dysfunction

36
Q

Leukocytes

A

Increased in total WBC count

Leuko: means white

37
Q

Acute inflammation

A

Increase in neutrophil count

Increase in bands (immature neutrophils)

38
Q

Chronic inflammation

A

Increase in monocytes count

Talks to bone marrow to increase the neutrophils due to a chronic infection or chronic inflammation

39
Q

Mast cells and macrophages

A

Talk to the bone marrow to produce mast cells and are not in the WBC count due to not circulating in blood and are only in tissues

40
Q

Increased circulating plasma proteins

A

Acute phase reactants
Released by liver in response to interleukins
Released to the bloodstream

41
Q

C-reactive protein

A

Good marker for inflammation, detects early onset of cardiovascular disease (CRP)

42
Q

Vascular response to systemic or severe inflammation

A

Occurs if vasoactive inflammatory mediators circulate systematicallly.
Causes: bloodstream infection, localized infection, massive trauma

43
Q

Hypotension (VR)

A

Low blood pressure

44
Q

Systemic edema

A

Fluid in ECF

45
Q

Hypovolemia

A

They make look full of fluid but their might be low blood pressure because they are losing volume to the tissues

46
Q

Immune response

A

Can cause cell injury and stimulate pathological inflammation
Allergic responses and hypersensitive reactions
Respond to tissue grafts
Can cause autoimmune disease

47
Q

Cells of Immune response

A

B lymphocytes: produce antibodies

t lymphocytes

48
Q

Inflammatory vs. immune

A

Inflammatory response is rapid, nonspecific, no memory, involves many cells.
Immune response slower, specific, memory, lymphocytes and antibodies, can be induced by vaccination

49
Q

Antigen

A

A molecule that is recognized by lymphocytes and reacts with antibodies

50
Q

Foreign antigen

A

Viruses
Bacteria
Pollens and allergens
Food or drugs

51
Q

Self-antigen

A 
Human leukocyte antigen
RBC antigen (A, B and Rh antigen)
Platenlets dont have antigen
52
Q

HLA

A

Self surface proteins distinguishing self from non-self
Present on all cell membrane except RBC’s and platelets
Major histocompatability complex; genomic region that directs synthesis of HLA antigen

53
Q

B lymphocyte response

A

Also called the humoral response

Mature b lymphocytes (plasma cells) produce immunoglobulins (antibodies)

54
Q

Antibody

A

Immunoglobulin that have specificity for a particular antigen

55
Q

Antibody classes

A

IgM
IgG
IgA
IgE

56
Q

IgM

A

General antibody, highest tigers present during primary immune response

57
Q

IgG

A

General antibody, highest tigers present during secondary immune response

58
Q

IgA

A

Performed antibody found in sweat, saliva, tears, and breast milk

59
Q

IgE

A

Antibody produced during allergic responses

Type 1 hypersensitivity reactions

60
Q

Function of antibodies

A

Begins with antigen binding to form antigen-antibody complexes
Neutralize bacteria and viruses
Promotes phagocytosis of bacteria and viruses via opsonization
Activate the compliment cascade

61
Q

Primary and secondary immune response

A

Confer active acquired immunity

62
Q

Primary

A

Antigenic challenge with production of measurable immunoglobins, primarily IgM, after a latent period of about 5 days

63
Q

Secondary

A

A second antigen challenge with more rapid and larger production of immunoglobins, primarily IgG

64
Q

T lymphocyte response

A

Cellular response

65
Q

Cytosine T cells (Tc cells)

A

Attack antigen directly and kill cells bearing foreign antigen

66
Q

Helper T cells (Th cells)

A

Required to activate the primary B and T lymphocyte response

67
Q

Memory T cells (Tm cells)

A

Induce secondary immune response

68
Q

Regulatory T cell (Treg)

A

Develop in the thymus or peripheral tissues and suppress B cell and T cell activation

69
Q

Vaccination

A

A process of stimulating a protective immune response against microbes through exposure to nonpathogenic forms or components of the microbes

70
Q

Inactivated

A

Virulent microbes are killed to abolish their infectivity and pathogenicity, yet still retain their immunogenicity. May not be safe for immunocompromised individuals.

Ex) measles, mumps, rubella, varicella, flu, oral polio, rabies

71
Q

Toxoid

A

Vaccine is made from inactivated bacterial toxin

Ex) tetanus toxoid, diphtheria toxoid, rattlesnake venom

level 1 Pathophysiology Exam 1 (10 decks)

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