Alteration Of Cell Function Quiz Flashcards
Adaptive mechanisms of cellular hypertrophy include increases in cellular fluid
False
Dysplasia is a type of normal cellular adaptation
False
The a Mary glands enlarge during pregnancy primarily as a consequence of
Hormonal hyperplasia
Rationale: during pregnancy, an increase in estrogen during the first two trimesters that result in breast enlargement and development of the mammary glands that produce breast milk
Muscular atrophy due to a spinal cord injury involves a decrease in all of the following
Size, mitochondria, actin and myosin
________ is defined as low PaO2 (oxygen content) in the blood
Hypoxemia
Rationale: hypoxemia is a decrease in the oxygen content of the blood and is caused by a decrease in gas exchange in the alveoli
Cellular swelling during hypoxic injury results in
Failure of the sodium-potassium pump to transport Na+ out of the cell due to the decrease of ATP production. Causes cell swelling due to osmolarity
What happens following failure of the calcium pumps during hypoxic injury?
Calcium accumulates in the mitochondria leading to cell death.
A reduction in ATP leads to a decrease in calcium pump activity.
The early dilation and swelling of the cell’s endoplasmic reticulum during hypoxic injury?
Decreased protein production and lipid accumulation in the cytoplasm
Anaerobic metabolism due to hypoxic results in the production of
Lactic acid
Rationale: when cells switch from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism, there are two consequences
1) decrease in the amount of ATP produced
2) the production of lactic acid as a by product. Lactic acid causes injury to the lysosomal membranes resulting in the release of lysosomal enzymes in the cell
Lipid peroxidation from free radical injury leads directly to
Plasma membrane damage
Rationale: lipid peroxidation occurs when oxygen free radicals target the double carbon bonds in lipid chains. This breaks apart the lipid molecule and destabilizes its structure and integrity
Antioxidant molecules in the human diet
Omega 3 fatty acids
Lycoprene
Vitamins C and E
Severe hypoxia to cardiac muscle tissue can result in coagulative necrosis
True.
Rationale: tissue that has large quantities of intracellular protein will tend to coagulate after death
What form of necrosis results from a tuberculosis infection in the lung?
Caseous
Apoptosis is a condition in which cells program themselves to
Die
Rationale: apoptosis occurs when intracellular or extracellular signals tell a cell to die.
