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level 1 pathophysiology exam 1 > Alterations Of Cell Function > Flashcards

Alterations Of Cell Function Flashcards

1
Q

Atrophy

A

A decrease in cellular size

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2
Q

Causes and examples of atrophy

A

Disuse
Decreased hormonal or nervous stimulation
Ischemia leading to cell hypoxia

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3
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Increased workload

Bigger cells not more

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4
Q

Example of hypertrophy

A

Heart failure caused by hypertrophy

Too big to contract

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5
Q

Hypertrophy causes Increased hormonal stimulation in….

A

Pregnancy causes hypertrophy in uterus and in the mammoth glands

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6
Q

Hypertrophy Patho

A

Increased mitochondria, actin, myosin
No increase in H2O
More ATP

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7
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Increase in cell number

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8
Q

Compensatory hyperplasia

A

Allows organ regeneration
Tissue replacement
An example is the replacement of cells in liver (70%)

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9
Q

Hormonal replacement

A

Estrogen-dependent organs

Ex) uterus

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10
Q

Pathological hyperplasia

A

Proliferation of normal cells due to excessive hormone stimulation
Ex) BPH (enlarged prostate) with more testosterone and obstructs urethra

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11
Q

Metaplasia

A 
Prolonged insult (smoking)
Ciliated epithelium--> bronchial metaplasia
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12
Q

Dysplasia

A

Changes in size, shape, and organization
Can be cancerous
DNA mutations
Ex) Cervical dysplasia (HPV)

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13
Q

Hypoxic injury

A

Lack of O2 in tissues

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14
Q

Hypoxemia

A

Decrease in O2 content in blood

Ex) asthma, or a high altitude

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15
Q

Anemia

A

Low hemoglobin count

Ex)RBC lysis

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16
Q

Ischemia

A

Low blood flow to tissue

Ex) blood clot

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17
Q 
Decreased O2-->
Anaerobic metabolism-->
Decreased ATP-->
Na/k pump failure-->
Increase of Na in--> 
Cell swelling
A

Na plus inside cell

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18
Q

Decrease in O2–> anaerobic metabolism–> decrease in ATP production–> Ca pump failure–> accumulation of Ca–>crystals in mitochondria and damage to plasma membrane

A

Crystals and damage to plasma membrane

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19
Q

Decrease in O2–> anaerobic–> lactic acid–> decrease in PH in cytoplasm–> lysosomal breakdown–> release of hydrologic enzymes–> autodigestion of cell

A

Autodigestion of cell

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20
Q

Ryperfusion injury

A

Introduction of O2 to hypoxic tissue releasing free radicals

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21
Q

Free radicals

A

Hypoxic cells release xanthine that reacts with O2 to produce free radicals
Has an unpaired e-

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22
Q

Causes of free radicals

A

Radiation
ATP production (excess exercise)
Inflammation (WBC death)
Chemicals/drugs

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23
Q

DNA damage due to free radicals

A

Can bind DNA and cause mutations that can be cancerous

24
Q

Necrosis

A

Loss of plasma membrane, swelling of organelles, mitodysfunction (auto digestion)

25
Q

Coagulative necrosis

A

Protein denaturation

Caused by Hypoxic injury

26
Q

Liquefactive necrosis

A

Tissue becomes soft and liquified

Causes: hypoxic injury to brain tissue and infections

27
Q

Caseous necrosis

A

Coagulative/liquefactive

Causes: TB

28
Q

Fat necrosis

A

Release of lipase

Ex) breasts, liver, pancreas

29
Q

Gangrenous necrosis

A

Death of tissue due to hypoxic injury

30
Q

Gas gangrene

A

Anaerobic bacterial infections

31
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death
Nucleus condenses/ shrinks
DNA breakdown
No inflammatory response

32
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Increase in cell number

33
Q

Compensatory hyperplasia

A

Allows organ regeneration
Tissue replacement
An example is the replacement of cells in liver (70%)

34
Q

Hormonal replacement

A

Estrogen-dependent organs

Ex) uterus

35
Q

Pathological hyperplasia

A

Proliferation of normal cells due to excessive hormone stimulation
Ex) BPH (enlarged prostate) with more testosterone and obstructs urethra

36
Q

Metaplasia

A 
Prolonged insult (smoking)
Ciliated epithelium--> bronchial metaplasia
37
Q

Dysplasia

A

Changes in size, shape, and organization
Can be cancerous
DNA mutations
Ex) Cervical dysplasia (HPV)

38
Q

Hypoxic injury

A

Lack of O2 in tissues

39
Q

Hypoxemia

A

Decrease in O2 content in blood

Ex) asthma, or a high altitude

40
Q

Anemia

A

Low hemoglobin count

Ex)RBC lysis

41
Q

Ischemia

A

Low blood flow to tissue

Ex) blood clot

42
Q 
Decreased O2-->
Anaerobic metabolism-->
Decreased ATP-->
Na/k pump failure-->
Increase of Na in--> 
Cell swelling
A

Na plus inside cell

43
Q

Decrease in O2–> anaerobic metabolism–> decrease in ATP production–> Ca pump failure–> accumulation of Ca–>crystals in mitochondria and damage to plasma membrane

A

Crystals and damage to plasma membrane

44
Q

Decrease in O2–> anaerobic–> lactic acid–> decrease in PH in cytoplasm–> lysosomal breakdown–> release of hydrologic enzymes–> autodigestion of cell

A

Autodigestion of cell

45
Q

Ryperfusion injury

A

Introduction of O2 to hypoxic tissue releasing free radicals

46
Q

Free radicals

A

Hypoxic cells release xanthine that reacts with O2 to produce free radicals
Has an unpaired e-

47
Q

Causes of free radicals

A

Radiation
ATP production (excess exercise)
Inflammation (WBC death)
Chemicals/drugs

48
Q

DNA damage due to free radicals

A

Can bind DNA and cause mutations that can be cancerous

49
Q

Necrosis

A

Loss of plasma membrane, swelling of organelles, mitodysfunction (auto digestion)

50
Q

Coagulative necrosis

A

Protein denaturation

Caused by Hypoxic injury

51
Q

Liquefactive necrosis

A

Tissue becomes soft and liquified

Causes: hypoxic injury to brain tissue and infections

52
Q

Caseous necrosis

A

Coagulative/liquefactive

Causes: TB

53
Q

Fat necrosis

A

Release of lipase

Ex) breasts, liver, pancreas

54
Q

Gangrenous necrosis

A

Death of tissue due to hypoxic injury

55
Q

Gas gangrene

A

Anaerobic bacterial infections

56
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death
Nucleus condenses/ shrinks
DNA breakdown
No inflammatory response

level 1 pathophysiology exam 1 (10 decks)

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