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level 1 Pathophysiology Exam 1 > Alterations Of Cell Function > Flashcards

Alterations Of Cell Function Flashcards

1
Q

Atrophy

A

A decrease in cellular size

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2
Q

Causes and examples of atrophy

A

Disuse
Decreased hormonal or nervous stimulation
Ischemia leading to cell hypoxia

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3
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Increased workload

Bigger cells not more

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4
Q

Example of hypertrophy

A

Heart failure caused by hypertrophy

Too big to contract

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5
Q

Hypertrophy causes Increased hormonal stimulation in….

A

Pregnancy causes hypertrophy in uterus and in the mammoth glands

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6
Q

Hypertrophy Patho

A

Increased mitochondria, actin, myosin
No increase in H2O
More ATP

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7
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Increase in cell number

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8
Q

Compensatory hyperplasia

A

Allows organ regeneration
Tissue replacement
An example is the replacement of cells in liver (70%)

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9
Q

Hormonal replacement

A

Estrogen-dependent organs

Ex) uterus

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10
Q

Pathological hyperplasia

A

Proliferation of normal cells due to excessive hormone stimulation
Ex) BPH (enlarged prostate) with more testosterone and obstructs urethra

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11
Q

Metaplasia

A 
Prolonged insult (smoking)
Ciliated epithelium--> bronchial metaplasia
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12
Q

Dysplasia

A

Changes in size, shape, and organization
Can be cancerous
DNA mutations
Ex) Cervical dysplasia (HPV)

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13
Q

Hypoxic injury

A

Lack of O2 in tissues

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14
Q

Hypoxemia

A

Decrease in O2 content in blood

Ex) asthma, or a high altitude

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15
Q

Anemia

A

Low hemoglobin count

Ex)RBC lysis

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16
Q

Ischemia

A

Low blood flow to tissue

Ex) blood clot

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17
Q 
Decreased O2-->
Anaerobic metabolism-->
Decreased ATP-->
Na/k pump failure-->
Increase of Na in--> 
Cell swelling
A

Na plus inside cell

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18
Q

Decrease in O2–> anaerobic metabolism–> decrease in ATP production–> Ca pump failure–> accumulation of Ca–>crystals in mitochondria and damage to plasma membrane

A

Crystals and damage to plasma membrane

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19
Q

Decrease in O2–> anaerobic–> lactic acid–> decrease in PH in cytoplasm–> lysosomal breakdown–> release of hydrologic enzymes–> autodigestion of cell

A

Autodigestion of cell

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20
Q

Ryperfusion injury

A

Introduction of O2 to hypoxic tissue releasing free radicals

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21
Q

Free radicals

A

Hypoxic cells release xanthine that reacts with O2 to produce free radicals
Has an unpaired e-

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22
Q

Causes of free radicals

A

Radiation
ATP production (excess exercise)
Inflammation (WBC death)
Chemicals/drugs

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23
Q

DNA damage due to free radicals

A

Can bind DNA and cause mutations that can be cancerous

24
Q

Necrosis

A

Loss of plasma membrane, swelling of organelles, mitodysfunction (auto digestion)

25
Coagulative necrosis
Protein denaturation | Caused by Hypoxic injury
26
Liquefactive necrosis
Tissue becomes soft and liquified | Causes: hypoxic injury to brain tissue and infections
27
Caseous necrosis
Coagulative/liquefactive | Causes: TB
28
Fat necrosis
Release of lipase | Ex) breasts, liver, pancreas
29
Gangrenous necrosis
Death of tissue due to hypoxic injury
30
Gas gangrene
Anaerobic bacterial infections
31
Apoptosis
Programmed cell death Nucleus condenses/ shrinks DNA breakdown No inflammatory response
32
Hyperplasia
Increase in cell number
33
Compensatory hyperplasia
Allows organ regeneration Tissue replacement An example is the replacement of cells in liver (70%)
34
Hormonal replacement
Estrogen-dependent organs | Ex) uterus
35
Pathological hyperplasia
Proliferation of normal cells due to excessive hormone stimulation Ex) BPH (enlarged prostate) with more testosterone and obstructs urethra
36
Metaplasia
``` Prolonged insult (smoking) Ciliated epithelium--> bronchial metaplasia ```
37
Dysplasia
Changes in size, shape, and organization Can be cancerous DNA mutations Ex) Cervical dysplasia (HPV)
38
Hypoxic injury
Lack of O2 in tissues
39
Hypoxemia
Decrease in O2 content in blood | Ex) asthma, or a high altitude
40
Anemia
Low hemoglobin count | Ex)RBC lysis
41
Ischemia
Low blood flow to tissue | Ex) blood clot
42
``` Decreased O2--> Anaerobic metabolism--> Decreased ATP--> Na/k pump failure--> Increase of Na in--> Cell swelling ```
Na plus inside cell
43
Decrease in O2--> anaerobic metabolism--> decrease in ATP production--> Ca pump failure--> accumulation of Ca-->crystals in mitochondria and damage to plasma membrane
Crystals and damage to plasma membrane
44
Decrease in O2--> anaerobic--> lactic acid--> decrease in PH in cytoplasm--> lysosomal breakdown--> release of hydrologic enzymes--> autodigestion of cell
Autodigestion of cell
45
Ryperfusion injury
Introduction of O2 to hypoxic tissue releasing free radicals
46
Free radicals
Hypoxic cells release xanthine that reacts with O2 to produce free radicals Has an unpaired e-
47
Causes of free radicals
Radiation ATP production (excess exercise) Inflammation (WBC death) Chemicals/drugs
48
DNA damage due to free radicals
Can bind DNA and cause mutations that can be cancerous
49
Necrosis
Loss of plasma membrane, swelling of organelles, mitodysfunction (auto digestion)
50
Coagulative necrosis
Protein denaturation | Caused by Hypoxic injury
51
Liquefactive necrosis
Tissue becomes soft and liquified | Causes: hypoxic injury to brain tissue and infections
52
Caseous necrosis
Coagulative/liquefactive | Causes: TB
53
Fat necrosis
Release of lipase | Ex) breasts, liver, pancreas
54
Gangrenous necrosis
Death of tissue due to hypoxic injury
55
Gas gangrene
Anaerobic bacterial infections
56
Apoptosis
Programmed cell death Nucleus condenses/ shrinks DNA breakdown No inflammatory response

level 1 Pathophysiology Exam 1 (10 decks)

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