Fluid Electrolyt Imbalance

Question 1

Water balance

Answer 1

Determined by osmotic gradients Na concentrations

Question 2

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Answer 2

Regulated H2O balance

Question 3

Decrease BP or increase of plasma osm

Answer 3

ADH secretion–> H2O absorption by kidneys–> increase of blood volume–> increase of BP and decrease of plasma osm

Question 4

Na+ balance

Answer 4

90% ECF cations
Maintains osmolarity
Maintains MV required for depolarization

Question 5

Regulation of plasma Na

Answer 5

Effects of aldosterone secretion on Na+ reabsorption in renal tubes

Question 6

Increase in aldosterone secretion

Answer 6

Increase of Na reabsorption–> increase of water reabsorption–> increase in BV and BP

Question 7

Isotonic alterations in Na and H2O balance

Answer 7

Changes in TBW accompanied by property changes in electrolytes

Question 8

Fluid overload (types and causes)

Answer 8

Administration of intravenous normal saline or hypersecretion of aldosterone
*hyperaldosteronism
Ex) edema
High aldosterone–> high Na and H2O retention

Question 9

Hypovolemia (types/causes)

Answer 9

Hyposecretion of aldosterone sweating

Decrease of aldosterone–> High Na and H2O retention decreased

Question 10

Hyponaemia

Answer 10

Hypo: low
na: sodium
Emia: blood
Causes: vomiting, nasogastric suctioning, inadequate na intake, too much water, excess ADH

Question 11

Decrease in Na–>

Answer 11

Increase of ADH and increase in H2O retention

Question 12

Patho of hyponatremia

Answer 12

H2O moves from veins to cells
Ex.) intercranial presure
Edema
Weight gain

Question 13

Hypernatremia

Answer 13

Dehydration

Too much sodium in diet

Question 14

Patho of hypernatremia

Answer 14

Convulsions
Thirst
Low BP and high Tachycardia (HR)
Poor skin turgor

Question 15

K+ balance

Answer 15

Major electrolyte
Secreted by renal tubes and excreted in urine
Regulated by aldosterone
Required for repolarization

Question 16

Aldosterone

Answer 16

Stimulates K+ excretion by kidneys

Question 17

Hypokalemia

Answer 17

A lot of plasma
Decrease of K+
Cause: GI disease, renal loss, K+ excess in ICF

Question 18

Hyperkalemia

Answer 18

Low plasma 
Low k+ in urine 
Increase of K+ in kidneys 
ICF-ECF
Cause: cell trauma or death, breaking of bones, chemo

Question 19

Low insulin levels

Answer 19

Causes more k+

Question 20

Patho of hyperkalemia

Answer 20

Increase is muscle excitability

Cells unable to repolarize