Inflammatory Response Flashcards
Inflammation: a pathologic reaction at the tissue level consisting of
edema, extravascular fluid extravasation and accumulation of leukocytes
T/F: inflammation is a protective response that kills macrophages, removes necrotic debris and is involved in tissue and organ repair.
True
- The _____MAKES the hormones and they are transported into the pituitary
- The hypothalamus MAKES the hormones and they are transported into the pituitary
CRH release (is produced in response to things pain, fear, anxiety. Things that inhibit its release are
CRH release (is produced in response to things pain, fear, anxiety. Things that inhibit its release are endogenous opioids and glucocorticoids).
The release of ANP results in:
pain
The release of GABA results in:
Fear
The release of substance P results in
anxiety and emotional stress
The release of AVP is associated with:
endogenous opioids
The release of glucocorticoids and l. arginine subsequently causes the release of:
cytokines.
ACTH starts off as ___
ACTH starts off as pro-opiomelanocortin
The release of ACTH subsequently causes the release of:
(1) Pro-inflammatory cytokines
(2) oxytocin
(3) CCK/VIP
(4) angiotensin II
(5) All of these
(5) All of these
Which of the following regarding cortisol is TRUE?
(1) Cortisol is essential for survival.
(2) Most of it is non-plasma bound and loses its diurnal secretion post injury
(3) Cortisol is elevated for short periods of time only.
(4) If there is hemorrhage, cortisol levels increase when blood volume is restored.
(1) Cortisol is essential for survival.
The functions of cortisol:
(1) potentiates metabolic effects of glucagon & epinephrine,
(2) Inhibits proteolysis, lipolysis,
(3) inhibits gluconeogenesis and hyperglycemia
(1) Cortisol potentiates metabolic effects of glucagon and epinephrine.
T/F: glucocorticoids increase the cell mediated immune response and increase inflammatory cytokine synthesis.
False.
- Adrenal insufficiency (Addisonian crisis): a life threatening condition in which patients present with
- Adrenal insufficiency (Addisonian crisis): a life threatening condition in which patients present with N/V/F, hyponatremia and hypokalemia.
Adrenal insufficiency (Addisonian crisis) is seen in patients on:
high-dose steroids, which is common in organ transplant patients (it suppresses the release of ACTH
To prevent adrenal insufficiency, post op patients should ONLY be put on glucocorticoids for:
24 hours post op
Thyroid hormone is released from the hypothalamus. Glucocorticoids, growth hormones and somatostatin have
Glucocorticoids, growth hormones and somatostatin have negative feedback effect.
Post injury, the thyroid hormone levels are:
T3 and TSH decrease, free T4 remains constant/decreased and a patient develops euthyroid sick syndrome and HIGH rates of mortality.
Post injury, thyroid hormone levels of TSH and T3 are decreased, and free T4 remains constant. Decreased free T4 correlates with:
high mortality
Beta adrenergic stimulation or excess cortisol affects growth factor by
beta adrenergic stimulation or excess cortisol reduce growth hormone.
Prolactin is inhibited by
GnRH and dopamine
The type of immunity that estrogens stimulate
antibody mediated immunity (estrogens inhibit cell mediated immunity)
T/F: androgens are immunosuppressive.
True
beta adrenergic agonists, hyperglycemia and drops in plasma volume STIMULATE
beta adrenergic agonists, hyperglycemia and drops in plasma volume STIMULATE ADH RELEASE.
Patients with traumatic amputations for example or patients that have been stabbed will have elevation of ADH for
Patients with traumatic amputations for example or patients that have been stabbed will have elevation of ADH for ONE WEEK
ADH affects vessels by causing
vasoconstriction
ADH is made in the:
(1) pituitary glands
(2) hypothalamic neurons
ADH is made in the (2) hypothalamic neurons
A patient with SIADH presents with:
(1) Patients urinate a high levels.
(2) High levels of ADH
(3) The collecting ducts do not absorb water.
A patient with SIADH presents with (1) patients urinate at high levels.
Diabetes insipidus presents with ADH levels that are:
low ADH levels.
T/F: patients with brain pathologies, infections or pituitary adenoma resection may also have temporary issues with ADH secretion.
True.
Catecholamines: these (norepinephrine) peak ___ after surgery.
Catecholamines: these (norepinephrine) peak 24 – 28 hours after surgery.
Norepinephrine is released by the
(1) sympathetic nervous system
(2) adrenal medulla
Norepinephrine is released by the (1) sympathetic nervous system.
Epinephrine is released by the:
(1) sympathetic nervous system
(2) adrenal medulla
Epinephrine is released by the (2) adrenal medulla.
Which of the following is a function of epinephrine?
(1) Lipogenesis
(2) glyogenolysis, gluconeogenesis
(#) activates insulin, hypoglycemia results.
(4) increased immune response of T-lymphocytes.
Epinephrine functions to cause (2) glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
Aldosterone secretion is initiated by:
ACTH being activated by angiotensin II.
Hyperkalemia and ACTH cause aldosterone production, as well as release of potassium and hydrogen ions into the tubules. In the injured patient, the most potent stimulus for this secretion is __
Hyperkalemia and ACTH cause aldosterone production, as well as release of potassium and hydrogen ions into the tubules. In the injured patient, the most potent stimulus for this secretion is ACTH
Beta islets of the pancreas produce insulin: the result is
(1) protein synthesis,
(2) glycogenesis,
(3) lipogenesis,
(4) protein synthesis
Glucagon is:
(1) anabolic
(2) catabolic
Glucagon is (2) catabolic
The primary stimuli of glucagon release is
(1) plasma glucose
(2) exercise
(3) All of these
(3) All of these
Glucagon functions to:
(1) Promote ketogenesis and lipolysis
(2) Promote glycogenolysis
(3) Promote glycolysis
Glucagon functions to (1) promote ketogenesis and lipolysis.
Post-injury, glucagon levels are the HIGEST at:
(1) immediately post injury
(2) 12 hours post injury
(3) 24 hours post injury
Post-injury, glucagon levels are highest (3) 24 hours later and can last up to 3 days.
T/F: microbes contain danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs).
microbes contain danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs).
Which substance casues hypozincemia, activation of the coagulation cascade, causes pulmonary edema and hepatocellular injury? (IL-1 or TNF)
IL-1
The substance causes increased platelet count (IL-1 or TNF)
TNF
