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mental health nurse 3 > inflammation part two > Flashcards

inflammation part two Flashcards

1
Q

What is achalasia?

A

A condition characterized by absent or ineffective peristalsis.

Clinical manifestations include dysphagia, regurgitation, chest or epigastric pain, and pyrosis.

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2
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of achalasia?

A

Dysphagia, regurgitation, chest or epigastric pain, pyrosis.

Pyrosis refers to a sensation of burning in the chest.

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3
Q

What diagnostic tests are used for achalasia?

A

X-ray, barium swallow, CT scan, EGD, manometry.

EGD stands for esophagogastroduodenoscopy.

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4
Q

What is the medical management for achalasia?

A

Botox, pneumatic dilation, Heller myotomy.

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5
Q

Name the three types of esophageal spasms.

A
  • Jackhammer esophagus
  • Diffuse esophageal spasm
  • Type III achalasia.
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6
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of esophageal spasms?

A

Dysphagia, pyrosis, regurgitation, chest pain.

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7
Q

What is the primary diagnostic tool for esophageal spasms?

A

Esophageal manometry.

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8
Q

What is a hiatal hernia?

A

Herniation of a portion of the stomach through the diaphragm.

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9
Q

What are the two types of hiatal hernias?

A
  • Sliding
  • Paraesophageal.
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10
Q

What are some causes of hiatal hernia?

A
  • Unknown causes
  • Increased abdominal pressure
  • Coughing
  • Vomiting
  • Straining during bowel movement
  • Heavy lifting
  • Physical strain
  • Obesity
  • Pregnancy.
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11
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of a hiatal hernia?

A
  • May be asymptomatic
  • Pyrosis
  • Dysphagia
  • Regurgitation
  • Epigastric pain
  • Fullness after eating.
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12
Q

What complications can arise from a hiatal hernia?

A
  • Strangulation
  • Obstruction
  • Hemorrhage
  • Volvulus.
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13
Q

What are the diagnostic methods for hiatal hernia?

A
  • History and physical assessment
  • X-ray
  • Barium swallow
  • Endoscopy
  • CT chest
  • Esophageal manometry.
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14
Q

What is the medical management for hiatal hernia?

A
  • Frequent small feedings
  • Sit up one hour after eating
  • Sleep with HOB elevated
  • Surgery (Nissen fundoplication).
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15
Q

What is an esophageal diverticulum?

A

A saclike outpouching of one or more layers of the esophagus.

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16
Q

What are the three areas where esophageal diverticula can occur?

A
  • Pharyngoesophageal
  • Midesophageal
  • Epiphrenic.
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17
Q

What is the most common type of esophageal diverticulum?

A

Zenker’s diverticulum.

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18
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of esophageal diverticulum?

A
  • Dysphagia
  • Fullness in neck
  • Belching
  • Regurgitation of undigested food
  • Gurgling after eating
  • Coughing
  • Halitosis.
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19
Q

What complications can arise from esophageal diverticulum?

A
  • Aspiration pneumonia
  • Obstruction.
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20
Q

What are the diagnostic methods for esophageal diverticulum?

A
  • History and physical assessment
  • Barium swallow
  • Esophageal manometry.
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21
Q

What is the treatment for esophageal diverticulum?

A
  • Surgery (Endoscopic Septotomy, Diverticulectomy with myotomy).
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22
Q

What is esophageal perforation?

A

A surgical emergency caused by injury or trauma.

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23
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of esophageal perforation?

A
  • Excruciating retrosternal pain
  • Dysphagia
  • Infection.
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24
Q

What are the causes of esophageal perforation?

A
  • Endoscopic or surgical injury
  • Spontaneous
  • Forceful vomiting
  • Straining
  • Foreign body
  • Trauma
  • Malignancy.
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25
Q

What is the management for esophageal perforation?

A
  • NPO
  • IVF
  • Antibiotics
  • Surgery.
26
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of foreign body ingestion?

A
  • Pain
  • Dysphagia
  • Dyspnea.
27
Q

What is the management for foreign bodies in the esophagus?

A
  • Glucagon
  • Endoscopy.
28
Q

What causes chemical burns in the esophagus?

A

Ingestion of a strong acid or base, undissolved medications, or small batteries.

29
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of chemical burns?

A
  • Emotionally distraught
  • Acute physical pain
  • Severe burns of mouth, lips, pharynx
  • Painful swallowing
  • Breathing difficulties
  • Shock.
30
Q

What is Mallory-Weiss Syndrome?

A

A linear tear in the lining of the lower esophagus or upper stomach.

31
Q

What are the causes of Mallory-Weiss Syndrome?

A

Forceful or prolonged vomiting or coughing.

32
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of Mallory-Weiss Syndrome?

A
  • Pain
  • Bright red or coffee ground emesis
  • Black tarry stools.
33
Q

What is Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)?

A

A clinically symptomatic condition resulting in reflux of gastric contents into the lower esophagus.

34
Q

What are some causes of GERD?

A
  • Hiatal hernia
  • Incompetent LES
  • Motility disorders
  • Pyloric stenosis
  • Gastroparesis
  • Tobacco
  • Caffeine
  • Alcohol
  • H. Pylori.
35
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of GERD?

A
  • Pyrosis
  • Regurgitation
  • Dyspepsia
  • Dysphagia
  • Odynophagia
  • Hypersalivation.
36
Q

What are some complications of GERD?

A
  • Esophagitis
  • Esophageal stricture/scarring
  • Barrett’s Esophagus
  • Bronchospasm
  • Aspiration pneumonia
  • Dental erosion.
37
Q

What is Barrett’s Esophagus?

A

A condition that arises from chronic GERD.

38
Q

What are the assessment methods for Barrett’s Esophagus?

A
  • History and physical assessment
  • EGD with biopsies.
39
Q

What is the medical management for Barrett’s Esophagus?

A
  • Endoscopic ablation
  • PPIs
  • Routine follow-up screening and biopsies.
40
Q

What is the nursing management for GERD?

A
  • Tobacco cessation
  • Limiting alcohol
  • Weight loss
  • Elevating HOB
  • Avoid eating before bed
  • Diet modification.
41
Q

What foods should be avoided in GERD management?

A
  • Fatty foods
  • Chocolate
  • Peppermint/spearmint
  • Coffee/Tea or caffeine
  • Carbonated beverages.
42
Q

What is gastritis?

A

Inflammation of the gastric mucosa.

43
Q

What are the causes of acute gastritis?

A
  • Erosive local irritants
  • Ingestion of strong acid
  • Acute illness.
44
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of acute gastritis?

A
  • Epigastric pain
  • Dyspepsia
  • Anorexia
  • Hiccups
  • N/V
  • Melena or hematochezia.
45
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of chronic gastritis?

A
  • Fatigue
  • Pyrosis
  • Belching
  • Sour taste in mouth
  • Halitosis
  • Feeling of fullness
  • Anorexia
  • N/V.
46
Q

What is peptic ulcer disease?

A

A sore or ulcer that develops in the lining of the stomach, pylorus, duodenum, or esophagus.

47
Q

What is the most common type of peptic ulcer?

A

Duodenal ulcers.

48
Q

What are the causes of peptic ulcer disease?

A
  • Helicobacter pylori
  • NSAIDs
  • Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
  • Alcohol and smoking.
49
Q

What are the classic symptoms of peptic ulcer disease?

A

Dull, gnawing, burning, aching pain in the mid-epigastric region.

50
Q

What are the complications of peptic ulcer disease?

A
  • GI bleeding
  • Gastric outlet obstruction
  • Perforation.
51
Q

What is the medical management for peptic ulcer disease?

A
  • PPI: Proton Pump Inhibitor
  • H2: Histamine Blockers
  • Combination antibiotic therapy for H. pylori.
52
Q

What is the purpose of Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs)?

A

To reduce gastric acid secretion.

53
Q

What are some common PPIs?

A
  • Omeprazole (Prilosec)
  • Esomeprazole (Nexium)
  • Pantoprazole (Protonix).
54
Q

What is the purpose of Histamine 2 Receptor Antagonists?

A

To decrease gastric acid secretion.

55
Q

What are examples of Histamine 2 Receptor Antagonists?

A
  • Cimetidine (Tagamet)
  • Famotidine (Pepcid).
56
Q

What are surface agents used for in gastric management?

A

To adhere to an ulcer site.

57
Q

What is the black box warning associated with Metoclopramide?

A

Tardive dyskinesia.

58
Q

What is dysphagia?

A

Difficulty swallowing.

59
Q

What are the causes of dysphagia?

A
  • Esophageal disorders
  • Neurological disorders
  • Muscular disorders
  • Infection.
60
Q

What is the nursing management for dysphagia?

A
  • Stimulate salivation
  • Moisten food with liquid
  • Control excess salivation
  • Consult with the dietitian.
61
Q

What are enteral feeding methods?

A
  • Nasogastric tube (NGT)
  • Nasointestinal tube (NIT)
  • Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy tube (PEG)
  • Jejunostomy tube.
62
Q

What are parenteral feeding methods?

A
  • Total parenteral nutrition (TPN)
  • Peripheral parenteral nutrition (PPN).

mental health nurse 3 (7 decks)

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