inflammation Flashcards
where is the appendix located?
RLQ
what r some causes of appendicitis ?
obstruction of fecalith, tumor, foreign body
is appendicitis more common in males or females?
males
signs that test specifically for appendicitis (5)
Rebound tenderness
McBurney’s point
Rovsing’s sign
Psoas sign
obturators sign
what is rebound tenderness (appendicitis)?
when you push on abdomen and when u release is when they have that pain
What is McBurney’s point (appendicitis)?
where u draw a line from umbilicus to RLQ and about 2/3 of the way there is usually where appendicitis pain is
what is Rovsing’s sign (appendicitis) ?
when u apply pressure on LLQ it’ll elicit pain on their RLQ
what is Psoas sign (appendicitis) ?
when they lie on their left side they would have pain with the extension of their right hip
What is Obturator sign (appendicitis) ?
when they lie on their back, internal rotation of the right hip would elicit pain
what are some complications that could occur with appendicitis?
Perforation and Peritonitis
-dull periumbilical pain progressing to sharp RLQ pain that is aggravated by coughing, moving, walking
-rebound tenderness
-anorexia: no appetite
-fever
-n/v
-Diarrhea or constipation
appendicitis
peritonitis can be caused by
infection or perforation
rigid, board like abdomen
peritonitis
finds out what the bacteria is
culture
tells us which antibiotics to use to treat it
sensitivity
cholecystitis
inflammation of the gallbladder
where is the gallbladder?
RUQ
what is the function of the gallbladder?
stores and concentrates bile
what is choledocholithiasis?
where stones pass and get stuck in the biliary duct system
the five risk factors of cholecystitis
female, 40, fertile, fair (white), full bodied
where is the pancreas located?
starts in the RUQ but goes all the way across the the LUQ (where the tail is)
2 risk factors for pancreatitis
males, 40’s
2 most common causes of pancreatitis are
alcohol and gallstones (cholelithiasis)
3 causes of chronic pancreatitis:
-long term alcohol abuse
-malnutrition specifically poor protein intake
-smoking
pseudocyst (collection of leaked pancreatic fluid); bile duct or duodenal obstruction; splenic vein thrombosis; pancreatic cancer can all be complications of
chronic pancreatitis
what are some clinical manifestations of chronic pancreatitis?
-upper abdominal pain
-abdominal pain that feels worse after eating
-unintentional weight loss
-steatorrhea
causes of acute pancreatitis
alcohol abuse and cholelithiasis
abscess and pseudocyst are complications that can occur from
acute pancreatitis
what two enzymes are watched closely in acute pancreatitis?
amylase and lipase
function of amylase
break down carbohydrates
function of lipase
assists in digesting fats
purplish area around umbilicus
cullen’s sign
purplish area around flank area
grey turners sign
2 main inflammatory bowel diseases
ulcerative colitis
Crohn’s disease
hallmark symptom in both ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease
inflammation
gold standard testing for both ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease
colonoscopy
there are healthy parts of intestines mixed in between inflamed areas
crohn’s disease
more of a continuous inflammation of the colon
ulcerative colitis
-subacute and chronic
-extends through all layers
-can occur anywhere in GI tract
-most common in distal ileum and ascending colon
-appears in patches cobblestone appearance
crohn’s disease
some clinical manifestations of Crohn’s disease
-RLQ pain
-N/V
-diarrhea
-weight loss, malnutrition, electrolyte imbalance
-occasional rectal bleeding
-cramping, tenderness
intestinal obstruction; stricture formation; f and E imbalance, malabsorption, malnutrition; fistula formation; abscess formation are all some complications of
Crohn’s disease
-remissions and exacerbations
-restricted to colon and rectum
-limited to mucosa and submucosa (inner lining)
-continuous: occurs one after the other
ulcerative colitis
telltale symptoms of ulcerative colitis is
multiple bouts of bloody, mucous, or purulent diarrhea
-LLQ pain
toxic megacolon, perforation, hemorrhage can all be complications of
ulcerative colitis
what do u want to check for after an EGD
gag reflex
goal of treatment for both Crohn’s and ulcerative colitis is
to decrease inflammation
first line medication for both crohn’s and ulcerative colitis is
sulfasalazine or mesalamine if sulfa allergy
what diet should both Crohns and ulcer be on
low residue (low fiber), high protein, high calorie
saclike herniation in the wall of your colon, occurs when there is increased pressure
diverticula
the presence of multiple diverticula
diverticulosis
inflammation or infection of diveritcula
diverticulitis
age, obesity, smoking, lack of exercise, diet, medications (anti-inflammatories, NSAIDS) are all risk factors for
diverticulitis
Bowel irregularity, Nausea, anorexia, abdominal distention are manifestations of what and are not troublesome
diverticulosis
LLQ crampy abdominal pain; change in bowel habits; constipation or obstipation; abdominal distention; nausea, fever, leukocytosis. elevated WBC’s
diverticulitis
Abscess formation, hemorrhage perforation, peritonitis, fistula formation can all be complications of
diverticulitis
gold standard to diagnose diverticulitis
CAT scan with contrast
what are 3 examples of extrinsic intestinal obstruction
adhesion, hernia, abscess
3 intrinsic examples of intestinal obstruction
tumor, stricture, intussusception
an example of functional intestinal obstruction
paralytic ileus
period of time from decision of surgery until patient is transferred to operating room
preoperative phase
period of time that starts when the patient enters the OR area and continues until patient is admitted to PACU
Intraoperative Phase
period of time beginning with admission to PACU and ending with the last follow up visit with surgeon
Postoperative Phase
high BP, High temp, rigid muscle, muscle spasms, rapid heart rate r all signs of
malignant hyperthermia
