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BIO 325 - Pathophysiology > Inflammation - Key Terms > Flashcards

Inflammation - Key Terms Flashcards

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1
Q

Goals of Inflammation

A
  1. Eliminate initial cause of injury
  2. Remove dead cells
  3. Begin process of tissue repair
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2
Q

Innate immunity

A

The defense system a person is born with

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3
Q

Components of innate immunity

A
  1. Physical barriers
  2. Enzymes (lysozymes)
  3. Complement proteins
  4. C-reactive protein
  5. Toll-like receptors
  6. Cells releasing inflammatory mediators
  7. Antimicrobial peptides
  8. Phagocytes
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4
Q

Benefit of inflammation

A
  1. Interact with acquired immune system
  2. Prevent further tissue damage
  3. Prevent spread of infection by dilution of pathogens
  4. Prepare area for healing
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5
Q

Complement proteins

A

Destroy bacteria

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6
Q

WBCS

A

Prevent inflammatory response from spreading to healthy tissues, eat pathogens

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7
Q

Plasma protein system

A

Clotting

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8
Q

Granulomatous response

A

Inflammation contains the infection/damaged site by walling it off

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9
Q

Vascular events in inflammation

A
  1. Arterioles temporarily constrict
  2. Brief vasoconstriction followed by vasodilation (this lasts)
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10
Q

What do damaged cells release

A

Prostaglandins and leukotrienes that cause vasodilation

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11
Q

What does vasodilation help with during the vascular events

A
  1. Slows blood velocity
  2. Increases blood flow to increase tissue perfusion
  3. Causes redness and warmth at site
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12
Q

What are plasma protein systems known as

A

Cascades

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13
Q

Complement system

A

Normally circulate in inactive form and cause
1. Increased vascular permeability and vasodilation
2. Chemotaxis
3. Opsonization
4. Cell killing

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14
Q

How is complement protein system triggered?

A
  1. Activated by IgC or IgM antigen-antibody complexes.
  2. Lectin pathway - can opsonin for phagocytosis or activate next part of cascade
  3. Alternative pathway activated as part of innate immune system
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15
Q

Coagulation/clotting system is activated by

A

Extrinsic and intrinsic pathway

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16
Q

Thrombin

A

Enzyme that proteolytically activates fibrinogen

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17
Q

Thrombin is a part of what system

A

Clotting

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18
Q

What does the clotting system do

A

Stops bleeding, localizes microorganisms, provides a meshwork for repair and healing.
Prevents spread of infection by bacteria remaining at localized site

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19
Q

Factor XII

A

Activates plasma proteins, promotes formation of bradykinin and kallikrien.

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20
Q

Kinin System

A

Activates and assists inflammatory cells

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21
Q

Bradykinin

A

Most important product of kinin system, like histamine

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22
Q

What does bradykinin cause

A

Vascular permeability, vasodilation, smooth muscle contraction in lungs, and pain

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23
Q

Kinins

A

Potent vasodilators, regulators of inflammatory process, and involved in pain sensation and growth

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24
Q

What does the endothelium do during inflammation

A

Represses receptors that help leukocytes leave the vessel
Retract to allow fluid to pass into tissues

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25
Q

What is the most important activator of inflammatory response

A

Mast cell

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26
Q

Mast cell

A

Initiates inflammation by releasing biochemical mediators

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27
Q

Histamine

A

Major vasoactive amine released from mast cells

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28
Q

What does histamine do

A

Dilation of capillaries and retraction of endothelial cells lining capillaries to increase vascular permeability Causes bronchoconstriction

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29
Q

Chemotactic factors

A

Attract neutrophils and eosinophils to inflammation site

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30
Q

Neutrophil chemotactic factor

A

Attracts neutrophils

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31
Q

Eosinophil chemotactic factor

A

Attracts eosinophils

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32
Q

What do mast cells release after granules are released

A

Leukotrienes, prostaglandins, platelet-activating factor

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33
Q

Leukotrienes

A

Slower and more prolonged responses than histamine in later stages

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34
Q

Prostaglandins

A

Similar effects to leukotrienes and also induce pain

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35
Q

Platelet-activating factor

A

Similar effect to leukotrienes and platelet activation - causes blood clotting

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36
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Movement of an organism in response to a chemical stimulant
Causes WBCs to move

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37
Q

Leukocyte

A

White blood cell

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38
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Lysozyme fuse with phagosome and digest it

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39
Q

Granulocytes

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils/mast cells

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40
Q

Monocytes

A

Monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells

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41
Q

Lymphocytes

A

T cells, B cells, Natural killer cells

42
Q

Neutrophils

A

Most common type of WBC
First responders to injury/inflammation
Live about 5 days
Actively phagocytose bacteria

43
Q

When do monocytes become macrophages

A

When they enter the site 24 hours after neutrophils and replace them

44
Q

Dendritic cells

A

Antigen-presenting cells found in tissue that contacts the external environment

45
Q

Natural killer cells

A

Large, granular lymphocytes activated by T-cell released cytokines

Contain perforin and granzyme

46
Q

Perforin and granzyme

A

Activate cell apoptosis via cell membrane receptors

47
Q

Platelets

A

Interact with the coagulation cascade to stop bleeding and release a number of mediators that promote and control inflammation

48
Q

Primary cell types that produce mediators during acute inflammation

A

Macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells

49
Q

Mediators produced in response to specific stimuli

A

Short-lived and stimulate the release of other mediators which amplifies the inflammatory response

50
Q

Serotonin

A

Stored in platelets and neuroendocrine cells in the GI tract - cause vasconstriction

51
Q

Eicosanoids

A

Lipid mediators

52
Q

Cytokines

A

Cells of the innate immune system secrete many biochemical mediators that are responsible for activating other cells.

Small proteins that are pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory

53
Q

What are examples of cytokines

A

Interleukins, chemokines, interferons

54
Q

Interleukins

A

Most important proinflammatory cytokines are interleukin 1, 6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha

55
Q

Interleukins are primarily produced by

A

Macrophages and lymphocytes

56
Q

IL-6

A

Stimulates growth and differentiation of blood cells in the bone marrow, induces hepatocytes from the liver to produce acute phase proteins

57
Q

Chemokines

A

Group of signaling proteins that act as chemoattractants to recruit leukocytes to areas of damaged tissue

58
Q

Interferons

A

Produced by cells that are infected by viruses

59
Q

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha

A

Secreted by macrophages in response to PAMP and toll-like receptor recognition.
Induces fever by acting as an endogenous pyrogen.

60
Q

Serous exudate

A

Fluid accumulation as a result of tissue injury that does not contain many cells. Watery plasma leaks into IF - blister which indicates early infection

61
Q

Exudative

A

Contains proteins

62
Q

Fibrinous inflammation

A

Result of large vascular leak that allows fluid with large proteins to leak out into surrounding tissue
Causes thick clotting

63
Q

Purulent inflammation

A

Forms pus, which contains many neutrophils, cellular debris, and edema fluid.
Usually walled-off lesions with an abscess/necrotic center

64
Q

Suppuration

A

Formation of pus that may occur if the pathogen is difficult to eliminate or severe

65
Q

Pyogenic bacteria

A

Commonly causes pus formation

66
Q

Ulceration

A

Results from very severe inflammation and is a local defect caused by necrosis of cells and sloughing of necrotic tissue

67
Q

Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRR)

A

Help to identify pathogen-associated molecular patterns, leading to production and release of cytokines and other chemicals that mediate the response of the cells causing inflammation

68
Q

Anti-inflammatory pathways

A

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal pathway
Sympathetic nervous system
Parasympathetic nervous system

69
Q

HPA anti-inflammatory pathway controls release of

A

Glucocorticoids - Cortisol
Interleukin-10 inhibits production of proinflammatory cytokines by macrophages

70
Q

Sympathetic nervous system (anti-inflammatory pathway)

A

Releases NE and epi to downregulate production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and upregulate the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines
Promotes recruitment of leukocytes
Increases blood and lymph flow

71
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokine production in the spleen and decreases neutrophil activation

72
Q

Principal systemic effects of inflammation are

A

Fever and increases in levels of circulating leukocytes and plasma proteins.

73
Q

Acute-phase response (definition)

A

Systemic effects caused by chemical mediators in inflammatory response

74
Q

Acute-phase response

A

Fever, increase in serum proteins, leukocytosis, release interleukins and tumor necrosis factor

75
Q

Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)

A

Severe systemic response to inflammation
Cause is infection: sepsis

76
Q

Septic shock

A

Bacterial or fungal - vasodilation - peripheral pooling - decreased BP

77
Q

Gut barrier failure

A

Decrease perfusion of the gut, normal flora bacteria and toxins escape into tissue fluid, inflammatory response, vasodilation, shock

78
Q

Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome

A

Progressive dysfunction of two or more organ systems from uncontrolled inflammatory response to severe illness or injury

79
Q

Acute inflammation is characterized by

A

Brisk onset of relatively short duration
Prominent systemic signs and local responses

80
Q

Chronic inflammation is characterized by

A

High levels of lymphocytes, macrophages, monocytes

81
Q

Impaired or excessive inflammation is characterized by

A

Overexpression of leukocyte adhesion molecules
Production of excessive pro-inflammatory cytokines
Damage to tissues

82
Q

Risks for developing chronic inflammation

A

Poor blood supply, malnutrition, abnormal neutrophil function, prolonged use of anti-inflammatory medications

83
Q

Granuloma

A

Body walls off and isolates infection to protect against tissue damage
Epitheliod cell formation

84
Q

Chronic inflammation is associated with

A

Tissue destruction
Replacement of damaged tissue with fibrous tissue via angiogenesis

85
Q

Alzheimer disease

A

Beta-amyloid peptide plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain

86
Q

Asthma

A

Chronic airway inflammation, dysfunction of the airways, tissue remodeling

87
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Believed to be chronic inflammatory response of leukocytes to low-density lipoproteins particles in arterial walls

88
Q

What does atherosclerosis involve

A
  1. Involve both innate and acquired immunity systems
  2. Leukocytes involved mostly monocytes and macrophages
  3. Begins in childhood
89
Q

T2D mechanisms that contribute

A

Excess levels of glucose and free fatty acids from overnutrition
Adipose tissue growth exceeding vascular supply

90
Q

Inflammaging

A

Chronic, low grade inflammation associated with aging

91
Q

Potential causes of inflammaging

A

Damaged cells that accumulate with age
Gut’s inability to adequately respond to harmful substances produced by microbiota

92
Q

Obesity

A

Adipose tissue secretes hormones, cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, complementary proteins
Adipose tissue implicated in development and progression of many chronic inflammatory disorders

93
Q

Three phases of wound healing

A

Hemostasis, inflammatory phase, proliferative/reconstruction phase, remodeling/maturation

94
Q

Factors that affect wound healing

A

Nutrition, circulation, age

95
Q

Hypovolemia (dysfunctional wound healing)

A

Can’t deliver WBCs to injury site

96
Q

Hemorrhage (dysfunctional wound healing)

A

Large clots and increased exudate are mechanical barriers to O2 diffusion, slows repair

97
Q

Fibrous Adhesion

A

If fibrin not reabsorbed, it forms adhesions and binds organs together

98
Q

Hypoproteinemia

A

Impairs fibroblast proliferation

99
Q

Anti-inflammatory steroids

A

Block macrophages from getting to injury and releasing cytokines

100
Q

Dehiscence

A

Wound pulls apart at the suture line

101
Q

Impaired (excessive) contraction

A

Contracture: occurs with burns, decreases ROM

BIO 325 - Pathophysiology (8 decks)

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