Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Pathology > Inflammation--Exam 2 > Flashcards

Inflammation--Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Why is initial vasconstriction with acute inflammation important?

A

allows for coagulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Name 4(5) mediators of vasodilation in acute inflammation

A

histamine
serotonin
Nitric Oxide
Prostaglandins D2 and E2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Principle mediator of vasodilation in acute inflammation? Its source?

A

Histamine; mast cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Name the 3 histamine receptor subtypes, their location, and if it’s “go” or “stop”

A

H1–on endothelium; “go”

H2–GI tract; “go”

H3–nerve terminals; “stop”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the stimulus for serotonin release

A

platelet stimulation and aggregation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

3 sources of nitric oxide?

A

endothelial cells–eNOS
macrophages–iNOS
neurons–nNOS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Primary target and action of NO?

A

Targets vascular smooth muscle; causes relaxation (vasodilation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Name 3 important products of COX pathway?

A

1) Prostacyclin (PGI2)
2) Thromboxane (TXA2)
3) Prostaglandins (PGD2/E2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Function of PGI2 (prostacyclin)

A

inhibits platelet aggregation; potentiates permeability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Function of TXA2 (thromboxane)

A

STOP SIGNAL

causes platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which neurotransmitter can stimulate nNOS release?

A

Glutamate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are 3 mechanisms to increase endothelial cell permeability?

A

1) endothelial gap formation
2) non-leukocyte mediated damage
3) leukocyte mediated damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Uses neurokinin receptors to cause contraction of endothelial cells

A

Substance P

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What substance from leukocytes and endothelial cells helps regulate permeability?

A

Bradykinin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Leukotriene that is a chemotactic agent and activator of neutrophils?

A

LTB4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Cyteinyl-containing leukotrienes…cause bronchospasms and increase permeability

A

LTC4, C4, and E4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where does endothelial gap formation occur?

A

Post-capillary venules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Mechanisms of endothelial gap formation

A

1) cellular contraction
2) increased transcytosis
3) new blood vessel formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Differentiate btwn the two length of responses

1) immediate sustained
2) delayed prolonged

A

1) directly damages cells causing immediate death and loss of function
2) accumulation of damage induces cell apoptosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How is fibrin formed?

A

Fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form fibrin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

two mechanisms for exudate formation?

A

1) endothelial cell damage

2) increased permeability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Bacterial infections are associated with what type of exudate?

A

Suppurative/purulent

23
Q

Which type of exudate is associated with mucosal surfaces?

24
Q

L-selectins:
expressed on which cells?
Bind to what?

A

Expressed on activated leukocytes

bind to glycoproteins on endothelial cells

25
P-selectins expressed on which cells? stored?
expressed on endothelium | stored in weibel-palade bodies
26
What two things bind to form a strong bond btwn leukocyte and endothelial cell?
Integrins on leukocyte bind to ICAMs on endothelial cells (Ig superfamily)
27
Beta-2 integrins are found on? | CD11d/CD18 found on?
beta-->on ALL leukocytes CD11d/CD18--> macrophages and cytotoxic T-cells
28
Which molecule is upregulated during emigration and mediated diapedesis?
PECAM-1 (CD31)
29
An exogenous mediator (AA) unique to prokaryotes that can bind leukocyte receptors
N-formyl methionine
30
Name 3 important ENDOGENOUS mediators for leukocyte chemotaxis
C5a LTB4 IL-8 (from activated lymphocytes and macrophages)
31
What important molecule is made available when leukocytes undergo an oxidative burst
NADPH
32
What two products can be made from H2O2?
1) HOCL (using myeloperoxidase) | 2) OH (fenton reaction)
33
Which non-oxygen dependent mechanisms share the same mechanism?
Bactericidal permeability increasing proteins | Defensins
34
What cytokines do lymphocytes and macrophages use to communicate with each other?
Macrophage secretes IL-1 and TNF to activate lymphocyte Lymphcytes secrete INF-y to activate macrophages
35
Classic activation of macrophages: Driving mediators? Type of response stimulated?
Mediators-->IFN-y & IL-12 Th1 response
36
Alternative activation of macrophages: Driving mediators? Type of response stimulated?
Mediators-->IL-4, IL-13 Th2 response
37
Which lymphocytes are the first to arrive with chronic inflammation? Purpose?
Gamma/delta T-lymphocytes contribute to granuloma formation
38
Which lymphocytes (general) regulate the type of immune response that ensues
Alpha/beta lymphocytes (CD4, CD8)
39
Important products of T regulatory lymphocytes
IL-10, TGF-b
40
Dendritic cells express: 1) when naive 2) when mature
1) CCR6 | 2) CCR7
41
CCR7 binds what cytokine in the paracortical region?
CCL21
42
Type 1 interferon induces what response?
Th1 response
43
Granuloma with central necrosis; Langhan's giant cells have nuclei around periphery
Immune granuloma
44
Granuloma due to foreign material; giants cells have nucei in center of cell
Foreign body granuloma
45
What 3 things do PPARs inhibit to stop inflammation?
NFkB STATs AP-1
46
4 possible outcomes of inflammation
resolution regeneration repair by fibrosis abscess formation
47
Interaction in ECM are mediated by what?
Integrins
48
What is copper required for?
Cross-linking of procollagen via lysyl hydroxylase
49
Role of HIF in angiogenesis?
in hypoxic conditions, HIF is NOT hydroxylated and goes on to stimulate genes necessary for angiogenesis
50
Order of events in angiogenesis
``` Digestion Migration Proliferation Maturation Perivascular cell migration ```
51
Response produced when: 1) VEGF-->VEGF-R1 2) VEGF-->VEGF-R2 3) Ang1-->tie 2 4) Ang2-->Tie 2
1) tube formation 2) proliferation 3) maturation of vessel 4) inhibitory to VEGF
52
Function of MMPs? What inhibits them?
degrade ECM in organized manner; inhibited by TIMPs
53
Which growth factor, from macrophages and platelets, is central in fibroblast activity and collagen deposition
TGF-b
54
How do corticosteroids inhibit healing?
inhibit TGF-b

Pathology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions