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Pathology > Circulatory Disturbances > Flashcards

Circulatory Disturbances Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of ADP in primary hemostasis

A

1) attracts platelets

2) exposes 2b-3a receptor complex

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2
Q

Functions of Thromboxane A2 in primary hemostasis?

A

promotes

1) platelet aggregation
2) platelet degraulation
3) vasoconstriction

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3
Q

Two important regulators of secondary hemostasis

A 
Tissue factor (Factor III)
Thrombin (Factor II)
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4
Q

Which pathway is activated by Tissue factor (Factor III)

A

Extrinsic

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5
Q

converts soluble fibrinogen into insoluble strands of fibrin

A

Thrombin

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6
Q

This substance is release from endothelial cells and catalyzes the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin

A

Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA)

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7
Q

Also expressed on endothelial cells, this molecule is an important cofactor for active thrombin;

A

Thrombomodulin

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8
Q

Two important proteins activated by the thrombin-thrombomodulin complex

A

Protein C

Thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI)

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9
Q

This protein is essential for control of coagulation because it inactivates factors V and VIII

A

Protein C

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10
Q

This important molecule, activated by thrombin, down-regulates fibrinolysis by removing the binding sites on fibrin that are important for plasminogen activation

A

Thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI)

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11
Q

3 important factors released by endothelial cells to prevent platelets from adhering when not damaged

A

Nitric oxide

Prostacyclin (PGI2)

Adenosin diphosphatase

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12
Q

This specific FDP can be used to diagnose thrombotic events and DIC

A

D-dimer

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13
Q

vWF binds to subendothelial collagen and expresses what receptor to bind platelets?

A

1b-9-5

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14
Q

The principal inhibitor of tPA and urokinase

A

Plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)

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15
Q

tPA & urokinase are important activators of

A

Plasminogen (they activate fibrinolysis)

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16
Q

two important platelet membrane receptors; what they bind

A

2b-3a–>binds fibrinogen (aggregation)

1b-9-5–>binds vWF (adhesion)

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17
Q

3 important contents of platelet alpha granules

A

Fibrinogen, fibronectin, factor V

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18
Q

Overall goal of the coagulation system

A

activate thrombin

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19
Q

Vitamin K dependent factors

A

II, VII, IX, X

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20
Q

Which coag factor cross-links and stablizes fibrin?

A

Factor XIII

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21
Q

Which coag pathway is able to more rapidly generate factor X

A

Extrinsic (tissue factor pathway)

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22
Q

This anti-coagulant protein reversibly inhibits the EXTRINSIC pathway

A

Tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI)

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23
Q

Which pathway is needed for sustained generation of factor X; why?

A

Intrinsic pathway

less susceptible to inhibition

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24
Q

Excessive tissue factor release (i.e. lots of endothelial damage) can trigger?

A

Hypercoagulation and DIC

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25
Q

Which factors are part of the prothrombinase complex?

A

Factors X & V

26
Q

Function of the prothrombinase complex?

A

catalyzes the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin

27
Q

Most common coagulopathy associated with snake venom

A

venom-induced consumption coagulopathy (toxins activate the coag pathway)

28
Q

Two common reasons for deficiency in Proteins C & S

A

1) acquired deficiency in horses with colic

2) DIC (dogs)

29
Q

the most important serine protease inhibitor that’s activated by heparin-like molecules on endothelial cells

A

Antithrombin 3

30
Q

The 3 things that AT3 inhibits

A

activity of thrombin
Factor IX
Factor X

31
Q

Heparin-like molecules are expressed on _______ endothelial cells

A

healthy

32
Q

Most common activator of plasminogen

A

tPA (tissue plasminogen activator)

33
Q

Mutated factor V is resistant to?

A

actions of Protein C (means factor V can’t be turned off properly)

34
Q

How can vitamin C deficiency lead to hemorrhage?

A

vitamin C is a cofactor for enzymes that help produce collage–>weaker capillaries

35
Q

Passive process caused by reduced outflow of blood from a tissue

A

congestion

36
Q

3 factors that play a role in thrombus formation (Virchow’s triad)

A

1) endothelial damage
2) alteration of normal blood flow
3) hypercoaguability

37
Q

How can you differentiate a thrombus from a post-mortem clot?

A

post-mortem clots are NOT ADHERED to the vessel wall

38
Q

3 distinguishing characteristics of arterial thrombi?

A

1) extend downstream from point of attachment
2) firmly attached to vessel wall
3) contain lines of zhan

39
Q

3 distinguishing characteristics of venous thrombi?

A

1) extend upstream from point of attachment
2) loosely attached to vessel wall
3) molded to vessel lumen

40
Q

Major cause of arterial thrombosis?

A

atherosclerosis

41
Q

4 fates of a thrombus

A

propagation
embolization
dissolution
organization

42
Q

A pulmonary thromboembolism:

1) where do they usually form
2) which lung lobes are most affected

A

1) in large, deep veins

2) caudal lung lobes (receive most of the R ventricle output)

43
Q

where does the thrombus form in HCM?

A

left atria (due to stagnant blood flow)

44
Q

What type of embolism is the major concern with fractured long bones?

A

fat embolism

45
Q

In fish, an increase in the dissolved gas pressure above the ambient air pressure due to increased partial pressure of nitrogen causes

A

Gas bubble disease (air embolism in fish)

46
Q

Venous occlusions usually cause?

A

Red infarcts

47
Q

Arterial occlusions usually cause?

A

White (pale) infarcts

48
Q

Name 4 diseases associated with thrombus formation

A

Hyperadrenocorticism
Diabetes Mellitus
Pancreatitis
Neoplasia

49
Q

Thromboembolic disease associated with hyperadrencorticism is mainly caused by deficiency of?

A

Antithrombin (via consumption)

50
Q

Fluid that passes through a NORMAL vascular wall due to imbalanced pressure forces

A

pure transudate (cell & protein poor)

51
Q

Fluid leakage from a vessel due to increased hydrostatic pressure or increased vascular permeability

A

modified transudate (moderate # of cells and protein)

52
Q

Define anasarca

A

extreme, generalized edema

53
Q

What specific glomerular fenestrations help to exclude proteins?

A

GEnC

54
Q

Which amyloidosis is most common in animals and is associated with chronic inflammation?

A

AA amyloidosis

55
Q

Lymphangiectasis

A

pathologic dilation of lymphatic vessels

56
Q

The physiologic response to shock is attempting to do what 2 things?

A

1) restore circulating volume

2) increase BP

57
Q

Type of shock that’s due to myocardial failure and inability to pump blood to tissues

A

cardiogenic shock

58
Q

Shock caused by a critical decrease in intravascular volume

A

hypovolemic shock

59
Q

Which type of shock is not mediated by cytokine release?

A

neurogenic shock

60
Q

Shock organ of cats?

A

lungs (dogs–>liver)

61
Q

What can’t hypothermic cats do?

A

regulated BP

Pathology (6 decks)

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