Inflammation - Bowden (Completed) Flashcards
What are the two major classes of caspases? 5
Initiators –> Caspases-8 and 9
Executioners –> caspase 3
What are the two ligands that can cause apoptosis? 6
(CD8) FasL and TNFα
Is Apoptosis inflammatory or anti-inflammatory? 7
Anti-inflammatory, controlled destruction
Which kind of CD8 killing causes collateral damage? 8
Perforin and release of granzyme (extrinsic method)
How do we describe inflammation caused by microbial and sterile attack? 9
Microbial attack - PAMPs
Sterile attack - DAMPs
What are causative agents of chronic inflammation? 10
Persistent infections
Presence of foreign bodies
Autoimmunity (huge driver)
What are the fundamental cells in chronic inflammation? 10
B & T cells
Macrophages
Plasma cells
Abs
What are the fundamental cells in Acute inflammation? 10
Neutrophils
Mast Cells
Platelets
Basophils
In terms of specificity, differentiate acute vs chronic inflammation. 10
Acute - non-specific
Chronic - specific (involves acquired immunity)
Differentiate apoptosis vs necrosis? 12
Apoptosis - programmed cell death, anti-inflammatory
Necrosis - uncontrolled lysis, causes Macrophage activation = proinflammatory. Loss of membrane integrity
What are DAMPs? 13
Damage-associated molecular patterns
Released by stressed cells undergoing necrosis (referred to as alarmins)
What binds DAMPs? Are they infectious? 13
DAMPs are non-infectious and are bound by PRRs - pattern recognition receptors
What are two examples of DAMPs? 14
HMGB1 - high mobility box 1 (rage)
HSP - heat shock protein
What is the inflammasome? 16
A complex that detects pathogens and stressors
What makes up the inflammasome? 16
NLRP-3 - the sensor
ASC - Adaptor
Caspase 1 - inactive enzyme (expresses IL-1)
What does the inflammasome produce once activated? 16
IL-1 & IL-18 (inflammatory cytokines)
What is SIRS? 17
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome
What are two types of pathogenic overstimulation of the immune system? 17
Non-infectious DAMPS –> SIRS = shock
Infectious –> sepsis = septic shock
Besides pathogens, what can cause SIRS? 18
Pancreatitis
Trauma (surgery)
Burns
During systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) what is the cytokine profile and what does it produce? 19
Acute phase cytokines: IL-1, IL-6, TNF
Produces –> CRP, complement, C5a (anaphylatoxin)
What is CARS? 20
Compensatory anti-inflammatory response
A hypo-inflammatory phase in response to a prior hyper-inflammatory phase (led by IL-10)
What is ALPS? What is the treatment? 23
ALPS - autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome
Tx: prednisone & Cyclosporine A
What is the problem in ALPS? 24
TCRs that are α/β and CD3+, but lacking CD4- and CD8-
