Inflammation - Bowden (Completed)

Question 1

What are the two major classes of caspases? 5

Answer 1

Initiators –> Caspases-8 and 9

Executioners –> caspase 3

Question 2

What are the two ligands that can cause apoptosis? 6

Answer 2

(CD8) FasL and TNFα

Question 3

Is Apoptosis inflammatory or anti-inflammatory? 7

Answer 3

Anti-inflammatory, controlled destruction

Question 4

Which kind of CD8 killing causes collateral damage? 8

Answer 4

Perforin and release of granzyme (extrinsic method)

Question 5

How do we describe inflammation caused by microbial and sterile attack? 9

Answer 5

Microbial attack - PAMPs

Sterile attack - DAMPs

Question 6

What are causative agents of chronic inflammation? 10

Answer 6

Persistent infections

Presence of foreign bodies

Autoimmunity (huge driver)

Question 7

What are the fundamental cells in chronic inflammation? 10

Answer 7

B & T cells

Macrophages

Plasma cells

Abs

Question 8

What are the fundamental cells in Acute inflammation? 10

Answer 8

Neutrophils

Mast Cells

Platelets

Basophils

Question 9

In terms of specificity, differentiate acute vs chronic inflammation. 10

Answer 9

Acute - non-specific

Chronic - specific (involves acquired immunity)

Question 10

Differentiate apoptosis vs necrosis? 12

Answer 10

Apoptosis - programmed cell death, anti-inflammatory

Necrosis - uncontrolled lysis, causes Macrophage activation = proinflammatory. Loss of membrane integrity

Question 11

What are DAMPs? 13

Answer 11

Damage-associated molecular patterns

Released by stressed cells undergoing necrosis (referred to as alarmins)

Question 12

What binds DAMPs? Are they infectious? 13

Answer 12

DAMPs are non-infectious and are bound by PRRs - pattern recognition receptors

Question 13

What are two examples of DAMPs? 14

Answer 13

HMGB1 - high mobility box 1 (rage)

HSP - heat shock protein

Question 14

What is the inflammasome? 16

Answer 14

A complex that detects pathogens and stressors

Question 15

What makes up the inflammasome? 16

Answer 15

NLRP-3 - the sensor
ASC - Adaptor
Caspase 1 - inactive enzyme (expresses IL-1)

Question 16

What does the inflammasome produce once activated? 16

Answer 16

IL-1 & IL-18 (inflammatory cytokines)

Question 17

What is SIRS? 17

Answer 17

Systemic inflammatory response syndrome

Question 18

What are two types of pathogenic overstimulation of the immune system? 17

Answer 18

Non-infectious DAMPS –> SIRS = shock

Infectious –> sepsis = septic shock

Question 19

Besides pathogens, what can cause SIRS? 18

Answer 19

Pancreatitis

Trauma (surgery)

Burns

Question 20

During systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) what is the cytokine profile and what does it produce? 19

Answer 20

Acute phase cytokines: IL-1, IL-6, TNF

Produces –> CRP, complement, C5a (anaphylatoxin)

Question 21

What is CARS? 20

Answer 21

Compensatory anti-inflammatory response

A hypo-inflammatory phase in response to a prior hyper-inflammatory phase (led by IL-10)

Question 22

What is ALPS? What is the treatment? 23

Answer 22

ALPS - autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome

Tx: prednisone & Cyclosporine A

Question 23

What is the problem in ALPS? 24

Answer 23

TCRs that are α/β and CD3+, but lacking CD4- and CD8-