Inflammation and Tolerance Flashcards

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1
Q

inflammation

A

innate immune response that develops when our tissues are damaged

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2
Q

goals of inflammation

A
  • recruit immune defenses to the injured tissue
  • limit the spread of infectious agents
  • deliver oxygen, nutrients, and chemical factors essential for tissue recovery
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3
Q

phases of inflammation

A
  1. vascular changes
  2. leukocyte recruitment
  3. resolution
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4
Q

vascular changes

A
  • mast cells release vasoactive molecules from damaged tissue cells
  • vasoactive molecules induce nearby vessels to dilate and become more permeable
  • increased blood flow and vessel permeability promote swelling due to plasma seeping into tissues
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5
Q

leukocyte recruitment

A
  • chemoattractants recruit leukocytes to the inflamed tissue
  • neutrophils and monocytes are the first recruits
  • leukocytes undergo margination and diapedesis to exit capillaries
  • monocytes mature into macrophages as they migrate through the tissue
  • as neutrophils and macrophages carry out phagocytosis they release cytokines to recruit other white blood cells
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6
Q

margination

A
  • leukocytes slow as they roll along the vessel wall
  • eventually leukocytes adhere to vessel wall
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7
Q

diapedesis

A
  • leukocytes change shape
  • leukocytes squeeze out of vessel
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8
Q

resolution

A
  • begins as threat passes
  • local capillaries return to normal while leukocytes and tissue cells in the area release chemical signals that reduce inflammation and promote healing
  • stop secreting Th1 and start secreting Th2
  • leukocytes undergo apoptosis (pus)
  • swelling is reduced as exudate is collected by nearby lymphatic capillaries
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9
Q

chronic inflammation

A
  • develops when an inflammatory response goes on too long
  • exacerbates tissue injury
  • promotes atherosclerosis, certain cancers, and progressive neurodegenerative disorders
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10
Q

tolerance

A

a state of indifference or non-reactivity towards a substance that would normally be expected to excite an immunological response

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11
Q

central tolerance

A
  • in generative lymphoid organs
  • lymphoid precursor cells become immature lymphocytes
  • if they recognize self antigens they are triggered to: apoptosis, change receptors (B cells only), or develop regulatory T lymphocytes (CD4+ T cells only)
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12
Q

peripheral tolerance

A
  • in peripheral tissues
  • if mature lymphocytes recognize a self antigen they are triggered to: anergy, apoptosis, or can be suppressed by regulatory T cells
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13
Q

anergy

A

makes cell unresponsive and inactive to an immune response

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14
Q

T regulatory cells

A
  • CD4 T cells that recognize self antigens may differentiate into regulatory cells in the thymus or peripheral tissues
  • the regulatory cells have the transcription factor FOXP3
  • regulatory cells inhibit the activation of naive T cells and their differentiation into effector T cells by contact dependent mechanisms or cytokines that inhibit T cell responses
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15
Q

Central T cell tolerance

A

recognition of self antigens by immature T cells in the thymus may lead to death of the cells (negative selection/deletion) or the development of T reg cells that enter peripheral tissues

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16
Q

peripheral T cell tolerance

A
  • when a self antigen is recognized in the periphery 3 things can happen:
  • anergy: functional unresponsive ness
  • suppression via T reg cells to block activation
  • deletion: induce apoptosis
17
Q

central B cell tolerance

A

an immature B cell that recognizes self antigen in the bone marrow can:
- change its antigen receptor (VDJ)
- die by apoptosis (deletion)
- anergic: reduce antigen receptor expression and become functionally unresponsive

18
Q

peripheral B cell tolerance

A

if a mature B cell recognizes a self antigen without T cell help it can:
- anergy: functionally inactivated
- die by apoptosis (deletion)
- have its activation suppressed by engagement of inhibitory receptors

19
Q

stages of an infection

A
  1. establishment
  2. inductive phase
  3. effector phase
    4.memory phase