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Microbiology > Adaptive immunity > Flashcards

Adaptive immunity Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

MHC1

A
  • presents intracellular antigens to T cytotoxic cells
  • all nucleated cells have the capacity to present intracellular antigens in the context of MHC1
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2
Q

steps of MHC1 presentation

A
  1. an intracellular antigen is broken into fragments by the cells proteasome
  2. the fragments are transported into the endoplasmic reticulum by a transporter protein
  3. the protein fragments associate with the MHC1 in the ER
  4. MHC1-antigen complexes make their way to the cell surface, where they are displayed for presentation to T cytotoxic cells
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3
Q

MHC2

A
  • presents extracellular antigens to T helper cells
  • only professional phagocytes have MHCII (macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells)
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4
Q

steps of MHC2 presentation

A
  1. antigen presenting cell takes up extracellular antigens by phagocytes
  2. the endocytic vesicle fuses with a lysosome to make a phagolysosome, where the antigen is broken down. Vesicles carrying MHCII then fuse with the phagolysosome
  3. pieces of the antigen associate with MHCII
  4. the MHCII-antigen complex migrates to the cell surface to be displayed so that it can interact with T helper cells
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5
Q

what are the major professional antigen-presenting cells

A
  • dendritic cells
  • macrophages
  • B lymphocytes
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6
Q

dendritic cell antigen presentation

A

presentation to naive T cells

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7
Q

macrophage antigen presentation

A

present to CD4 effector T cells

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8
Q

B lymphocyte antigen presentation

A

presentation to CD4 helper T cells

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9
Q

how do cytotoxic T lymphocytes kill

A
  • when the TCR of a patrolling T cytotoxic cell binds to an MHC1 antigen complex it releases perforins and granzymes
  • perforins form pores in the target cell
  • granzymes enter through the pore and break down host cell proteins to induce apoptosis
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10
Q

subsets for helper T cells

A
  • Th1
  • Th2
  • Th17
  • Tfh
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11
Q

Th1

A
  • targets and secretes cytokines to activate macrophages to M1 to make it pro-inflammatory
  • defend against intracellular pathogens
  • role in autoimmunity and chronic inflammation
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12
Q

Th2

A
  • targets and activates eosinophils
  • pushes macrophages to M2 (dampens inflammation)
  • defends against helminths
  • role in allergies
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13
Q

Th17

A
  • targets, recruits, and activates neutrophils
  • defends against extracellular bacteria and fungi
  • roles in autoimmunity and inflammation
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14
Q

Tfh

A
  • targets B cells
  • stimulates antibody production
  • defends against extracellular pathogens
  • role in autoimmunity (autoantibodies)
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15
Q

mycobacteria

A

inhibit phagolysosome production

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16
Q

herpes simplex virus (HSV)

A

inhibits antigen presentation; interferes with transport of pieces of antigen into the ER for antigen presentation

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17
Q

cytomegalovirus (CMV)

A

inhibits antigen presentation; stops proteasomal activity and removes class 1 MHC molecules from the ER

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18
Q

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)

A

inhibits antigen presentation; inhibits proteasomal activity; inhibits macrophage and dendritic cell activation

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19
Q

Pox virus

A

inhibits effector cell activation; produce soluble cytokine receptors

20
Q

IgG

A
  • monomer
  • most abundant
  • crosses placenta *key for babies
21
Q

IgA

A
  • can be a monomer or dimer
  • second most abundant
  • main antibody in milk, resistant to destruction by stomach acid
22
Q

IgM

A
  • monomer or pentamer
  • third most abundant
  • made FIRST in infection; large structure limits where it migrates
23
Q

IgE

A
  • monomer
  • rare
  • fights parasites; mediates allergic responses
24
Q

IgD

A
  • monomer
  • rare
  • bound to B cells; poorly understood
25
Q

how antibodies eliminate invaders

A
  • neutralization of antigens
  • activate complement cascade
  • increase phagocytosis
26
Q

primary response lag after immunization

A

5-10 days

27
Q

secondary response lag after immunization

A

1-3 days

28
Q

primary response peak response

A

smaller

29
Q

secondary response peak response

A

larger

30
Q

primary response antibody isotype

A

IgM>IgG

31
Q

secondary response antibody isotype

A

relative increase in IgG and under certain situations in IgA or IgE

32
Q

primary response antibody affinity

A

lower average affinity, more variable

33
Q

secondary response antibody infinity

A

higher average affinity (affinity maturation)

34
Q

VDJ recombination

A

creates a large diversity of antibodies and receptors

35
Q

CD8 T cells

A
  • cytotoxic cells
  • recognize MHC I antigens presented by cells that have intracellular microbes
36
Q

CD4 T cells

A
  • helper cells
  • recognize extracellular antigens that have been phagocytized by APC and presented on a MHC II complex
37
Q

humoral response

A
  • controlled by B cells
  • B cell receptors bind to antigens epitope
  • antigen enters cell by endocytosis and then is displayed on MHC II
  • MHC II antigen complex on B cell is then bound by T helper cell
  • cytokines are released upon proper T helper cell binding (T-dependant)
  • once activated B cell proliferates and differentiates into plasma cells or B memory cells
38
Q

plasma cells

A

release antibodies

39
Q

B memory cells

A

save information about the antigen

40
Q

IgM>IgG

A

early infection

41
Q

IgM<IgG

A

late infection

42
Q

naturally acquired active immunity

A

immunity gained from a previous infection

43
Q

naturally acquired passive immunity

A

antibodies pass from the placenta to the fetus

44
Q

artificially acquired active immunity

A

vaccination triggers immune response

45
Q

artificially acquired passive immunity

A

given antibodies against a toxins; wont mount own response

Microbiology (10 decks)

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