Immunotherapy and vaccines Flashcards

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1
Q

what is CAR T cell therapy

A

artificial T cell receptor proteins that have been engineered to give T cells the new ability to target a specific antigen

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2
Q

CAR T-cell therapy steps

A
  1. remove blood from patient to get T cells
  2. make CAR T cells in the lab
  3. Grow millions of CAR T cells
  4. infuse CAR T cells into patient
  5. CAR T cells bind to cancer cells and kill them
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3
Q

Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) Therapy

A
  • 95% IgI
  • trace IgA and IgM
  • liquid immunoglobulin is taken from the blood plasma of donors and purified for IVIg therapy
  • during therapy prepared immunoglobulin is infused into veins
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4
Q

herd immunity

A

vaccinating a sufficient percentage of people leads to herd immunity for nonvaccinated individuals

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5
Q

vaccination

A
  • can be injected, inhaled, or ingested
  • do not provide immediate protection
  • stimulate immunological memory
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6
Q

active vaccines

A
  • attenuated
  • vector vaccines
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7
Q

inactivated vaccines

A
  • whole-agent vaccines
  • parts of a pathogen
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8
Q

live attenuated vaccines

A
  • contain altered pathogens that do not cause disease but are still infectious
  • stimulates potent immunological responses that are accompanied by long term memory
  • can be dangerous to immunocompromised
  • must be refrigerated
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9
Q

inactivated vaccines

A
  • includes whole-agent and subunit vaccines
  • safe for immunocompromised
  • stable at room temp
  • boosters are required to achieve full immunity
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10
Q

whole-agent inactivated vaccines

A
  • contain the entire pathogen
  • inactivated by heat, chemicals, or radiation
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11
Q

subunit vaccines

A
  • inactivated
  • do not include whole pathogens
  • consist of purified antigens or parts of the infectious agent
  • require adjuvants
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12
Q

purified subunit vaccines

A
  • inactivated subunit
  • immunogenic portion of the pathogen
  • can be harvested from a natural pathogen or purified from a genetically engineered expression system
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13
Q

toxoid vaccines

A
  • inactivated subunit
  • purified and inactivated toxins
  • ex. tetanus
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14
Q

conjugate (or polysaccharide) vaccines

A
  • inactivated
  • polysaccharide antigens conjugated to a more immunogenic protein antigen
  • ex. meningococcal vaccines, pneumococcal vaccines
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15
Q

DNA vaccines

A
  • new
  • genes encoding highly immunogenic antigens are identified
  • target genes are placed into a plasmid
  • plasmid is injected into a human host
  • human cells take up the plasmid and transcribe and translate the genes
  • cells become antigen producers
  • results in a humoral and a cellular immune response
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16
Q

recombinant vector vaccines

A
  • new
  • genetic material from the pathogen is packed inside a harmless virus or bacterium
  • inserted into the body
17
Q

mRNA vaccine advantages

A
  • easy to develop, easy to change
  • do not integrate into host cell genome
  • do not interact with DNA
  • not mutational risk
  • antigen expression is transient
18
Q

mRNA vaccine disadvantages

A
  • antigen expression is transient
  • immunogenicity is not as great as it would be with the whole agent
  • RNA is instable
  • requires expensive low temperature storage
  • transport on dry ice