Inflammation

Question 1

Inflammation

Answer 1

Is the initial process that occurs immediately after injury allows isolation of damaged cells, tissue components and dangerous micro organisms to be cleaned up and removed

Non specific defence mechanism eg phagocytosis

Lasts 1 week

Question 2

5 cardinal signs of inflammation

Answer 2

1. heat - increase blood flow
2. Redness- dilation of small blood vessels
3. swelling- increase tissue fluid
4. pain- effect of chemical mediator which irritate pain receptors
5. loss of function- movement Inhibited by pain and swelling

Question 3

Components of acute inflammation

Answer 3

Vascular
Changes in blood vessel caliber and blood flow

Exudative
Movement of blood plasma to damaged area

Cellular
Immigration of neutrophils and lyokocytes to damaged areas

Question 4

Vascular component

Answer 4

Injury

Cell damage

Mast cells within connective tissue release chemical mediators eg Histamine - this causes precapillary sphincters to relax increasing blood flow to the effected area nosoreceptors activated stimulating pain

Vasodilation

Increased blood flow adequate supply of Leucocytes to infected area to provide defence against invading organisms increases temperature increases phagocytosis

Question 5

Exudative

Answer 5

Increase blood-flow: increases hydrostatic pressure Histamine increases capillary permeability which allows Protein molecules to pass through capillary walls to interstitial spaces this increased coloid pressure in interstitial space (open pores) net loss of fluid

Inflammatory mediators increased capillary permeability which: dilute toxins, provide antibodies, coagulation factors allows route for nutrients Frame work for tissue repair

Fluid and plasma proteins escape increasing osmotic pressure: allow protein molecules to escape by opening pores

Exudate protein rich fluid

Question 6

Cellular

Answer 6

Bacteria and other pathogens enter wound

Platelets produce blood clotting proteins at wound site

Neutrophils first migrate to the vessel walls which increases viscosity of the blood and also the loss of intervascular fluid brings the cells closer to the walls this is called pavementing.

The neutrophils then emigrate through the pores which have open and widened during the exudative stage. RBC can emigrate but not always.

The leukocytes deal with pathogen debris carrying out phagocytosis

The neutrophils are attracted by chemacotaxins which are found in the leukocytes and blood plasma which contains an enzyme cascade system which amplifies coagulation.

The lymphatic system drains the tissue odeama to limit the odeama

Macrophages secrete hormones called cytokines that attract immune system cells to the site and activate cells involved in tissue repair

Inflammatory response continues until the foreign material is eliminated and the wound is repaired

Question 7

4 out comes of inflammation

Answer 7

1. Resolution- restores inflamed tissue short lived inflammation
2. repair and organisation large damage can’t be fully repaired by the body fibrosis scaring occurs made if collagen
3. chronic inflammation if agent that causes inflammation persists lasts many months Micro phases within injured tissues provide defence toxins continue to fuel inflammation tissue destruction
4. suppuration Abscess occurs cavity that contains puss

Question 8

Repair and organisation

Answer 8

Migration of macrophages and growth of capillaries into inflammatory exudate

Proliferation of fibroblasts = collagen

Fibrous tissue formation/possible adhesions

Contraction of fibrous tissue

Remodelling