Inflammation

Question 1

What are the two defense mechanisms of innate immunity?

Answer 1

barriers and inflammation

Question 2

What is the difference between innate and acquired immunity?

Answer 2

Innate is a non-specific response to any injurious agent and acquired immunity is a response to a specific foreign substance

Question 3

What are the four classic signs of inflammation?

Answer 3

redness
swelling
heat
pain

Question 4

List the injurious agents that elicit inflammatory reactions

Answer 4

infections and microbial toxins
Trauma
Physical and chemical toxins
Foreign bodies
Immune reactions
On-going inflammation

Question 5

What are the granulocytes?

Answer 5

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils/ mat cells

Question 6

What are the mononuclear cells?

Answer 6

lymphocytes

monocytes/macrophages

Question 7

What are the principal inflammatory cells of acute inflammation?

Answer 7

neutrophils

Question 8

What are the principal inflammatory cells of chronic inflammation?

Answer 8

LYMPHOCYTES, macrophages, and plasma cells

Question 9

What causes stasis of the capillary bed at the site of injury?

Answer 9

vasodilation of post capillary venules

Question 10

What type of cells release histamine?

Answer 10

mast cells

Question 11

What are the vasoactive mediators of inflammation?

Answer 11

histmine, bradykinin and substance P

Question 12

What are the cytokines that change vascular permeability?

Answer 12

IL-1, TNF and IFN-y

Question 13

What causes edema?

Answer 13

The combination of increased hydrostatic pressure in the capillary bed due to stasis and gaps between endothelial cells

Question 14

What causes erythema?

Answer 14

Increased volume of blood in the capillary bed

Question 15

What is the leukocyte ligand for E-selectin?

Answer 15

sialyl-lewis X-modified glycoprotein

Question 16

What is the leukocyte ligand for ICAM-1 and VCAM-1?

Answer 16

integrin

Question 17

What are 4 powerful chemoattractant for leukocytes?

Answer 17

bacterial products (LFB)
activated complement proteins (C5a)
products of arachidonic acid metabolism (LTB4)
cytokines (IL-8)

Question 18

What are the functional effects of leukocyte activation?

Answer 18

1) modulate leukocyte adhesion molecules
2) ingest and degrade foreign substances scavenged from the tissue
3) degranulate
4) secrete cytokines that amplify and regulate the inflammation
5) produce arachidonic acid metabolites
6) aggregate platelets

Question 19

What are the plasma-derived chemical mediators of inflammation?

Answer 19

Factor XII
Complement proteins
Kinins
clotting proteins

Question 20

Which plasma protein cascades does factor XII initiate?

Answer 20

1) kinin system (bradykinin: pain)
2) clotting system (thrombin: endothelial, platelet, and leukocyte activation)
3) fibrinolytic system (plasmin: C3a and fibrin split products)
4) complement system (vasoactive, anaphlyatoxic, opsonin, and bactericidal)

Question 21

What are the most important plasma proteins in vivo?

Answer 21

Bradykinin, C3a, C5a, and thrombin

Question 22

What converts C3 and C5 to their active forms (C5a and C3a)?

Answer 22

the complement system cascade or directly by kallikrein (C5) or plasmin (C3)

Question 23

Kallikrein and plasmin amplify the inflammatory response by activating ___________

Answer 23

Factor XII