Cell Adaption and Injury

Question 1

Hyperplasia

Answer 1

Increase in the number of cells in an organ/tissue

Question 2

Hypertrophy

Answer 2

An increase in the size of individual cells

Question 3

Atophy

Answer 3

decrease in cell size

Question 4

Metaplasia

Answer 4

One adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type

Question 5

Hyaline Change

Answer 5

This is a descriptive term→ a glassy, pink appearance seen in H&E staining

Question 6

necrosis

Answer 6

form of cell death that is associated with damage from an external source that overwhelms the cell’s ability to survive

Question 7

anthracosis

Answer 7

inhaled and phagocytosed by macrophages in the alveoli; black

Question 8

caspase

Answer 8

are a family of protease enzymes playing essential roles in programmed cell death and inflammation

Question 9

nuclear pyknosis

Answer 9

small,dark chromatin. Due to chromtin condensation and cleavage.

Question 10

Coagulative necrosis

Answer 10

dead tissue is preserved for a few days

Associated with ischemia

Question 11

liquefactive necrosis

Answer 11

dead cells are completely digested, leaving only viscous liquid; Associated with bacterial and fungal infections and hypoxic tissue

Question 12

Caseous necrosis

Answer 12

“cheesy” granular material

Associated with tuberculous infection

Question 13

Fat necrosis

Answer 13

areas of fat destruction in which fatty acids products combine with calcium to produce chalky-white areas;
Associated with pancreatitis and leakage of pancreatic lipase into adjacent tissues

Question 14

Dystrophic calcification

Answer 14

deposition of calcium salts in dying tissue

Question 15

karyolysis

Answer 15

fading of chromatin

Question 16

karyorrhexis

Answer 16

chromatin fragmentation

Question 17

Metastatic calcification

Answer 17

occurs when there is increase serum calcium, and often happens in otherwise normal tissue

Question 18

Proliferation of glandular breast tissue and endometrial growth occurring as a result of excessive estrogen stimulations are examples of what?

Answer 18

hyperplasia

Question 19

muscle growth due to weight lifting and growth of the heart as a result of chronic hypertension is an example of what?

Answer 19

hypertrophy

Question 20

Cell Adaption

Answer 20

Occurs as a result of chronic stimulation by relatively low level stress

Question 21

Where does steatosis usually occur and what does it look like histologically?

Answer 21

Common in liver (alcohol damage)

Appears as round, clear spaces in the cytoplasm

Question 22

What does atherosclerosis look like?

Answer 22

internally: cholesterol gives a foamy appearance
Extracellularly: cholesterol molecules tend to crystallize and appear as shard-like

Question 23

Describe amyloidosis

Answer 23

Amyloid are small, non-branching fibrils that physically resemble one another
These proteins fold abnormally and are associated with deposition which can lead to pressure atrophy of adjacent cells
Common histologic appearance: hyaline
Stained using Congo Red Stain

Question 24

What causes hyaline change?

Answer 24

intracellular or extracellular accumulations of proteins

Question 25

Glycogen generally accumulates in what kind of patients and what does it look like?

Answer 25

May accumulate in patient with abnormalities in glycogen or glucose metabolism (DM II) Generally appear as clear, cytoplasmic vacuoles in H &E staining

Question 26

Lipofuscin

Answer 26

a brown-yellow pigment that results from an incomplete breakdown of old subcellualr components; “wear and tear pigment”; commonly seen in the heart and liver of aging patients

Question 27

Hemosiderin

Answer 27

a golden yellow-brown pigment that is the result of blood breakdown with iron

Question 28

Bilirubin

Answer 28

a yellow pigment derived from blood breakdown with no iron

Question 29

What are the major causes of cell injury?

Answer 29

``` Hypoxia Physical agents chemical agents/ drugs infection immunologic reactions and derangements genetic derangements nutritional deficiencies and imbalances ```

Question 30

What are the 4 major targets of cell injury?

Answer 30

biochemical machinery for aerobic respiration (ATP production) integrity of cell membranes protein synthesis integrity of the genetic apparatus of the cell

Question 31

Depletion of ATP leads to what 5 things?

Answer 31

1) cell swelling ( Na/K pump) 2) decease in pH (LA) 3) abnormal protein folding 4) decrease in protein synthesis 4) increase in Ca++

Question 32

What 3 things cause mitochondrial damage?

Answer 32

increase in Ca++, ROS, and oxygen deprivation

Question 33

What 3 consequences result as a result of Ca++ influx?

Answer 33

1) opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (cyt c) 2) activation of numerous enzymes (ases) 3) direct activation of caspases, inducing apoptosis

Question 34

What are the principal free radicals?

Answer 34

OH O2 H2O2 ONOO

Question 35

What are the 3 main consequences of free radicals in cell injury?

Answer 35

1) lipid peroxidation and membrane damage 2) oxidative modification of proteins--> protein damage 3) lesions in DNA

Question 36

What are the 5 sources of free radicals?

Answer 36

1) by products of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation 2) leukocytes (inflammation) 3) metals (Fe and copper) 4) radiant energy 5) NO

Question 37

What 3 agents remove free radicals?

Answer 37

1) antioxidants 2) transfer proteins (transferrin, ferritin, ceruloplasmin) 3) enzymes

Question 38

Describe the 4 major steps to apoptotic cell death?

Answer 38

1) cell shrinkage and increased density of cytoplasm 2) Nuclear pyknosis 3) cytoplasmic blebs 4) apoptotic bodies

Question 39

Describe the mophological signs of reversible injury?

Answer 39

``` EM 1) plasma blebbing and loss of microvilli 2) mitochondrial swelling 3) dilation of endoplasmic reticulum LM 1) cellular swelling 2) fatty change ```

Question 40

Describe the signs of irreversible injury

Answer 40

``` EM 1) membrane discontinuity 2) marked swelling of mitochondria 3) myelin figures LM 1 ) cytoplasmic eosinophilia (dark pink cytoplasm) 2) calcification of fatty acids 3) nuclear changes--> karyolysis, pyknosis, karyorrhexis (chromatin fragmentation) and loss of nucleus ```

Question 41

Which necrosis is associated with ischemia?

Answer 41

coagulative

Question 42

Which necrosis is associated with bacterial and fungal infections?

Answer 42

fungal/bacterial

Question 43

Which type of necrosis is associated with TB?

Answer 43

caseous

Question 44

which necrosis is associated with pancreatitis and leakage of pancreatic lipases?

Answer 44

fat necrosis