Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Pathology > Infective Lung Disorders > Flashcards

Infective Lung Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Causative agent of Pulmonary Tuberculosis

A

Mycobacteria tuberculosis hominis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Mode of transmission of Pulmonary Tuberculosis infection

A

Droplet infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Primary pulmonary Tb

A

Infection in lung on 1st time entry of mycobacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Cells first infected in Primary pulmonary Tb

A

Alveolar Macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Subpleural lesion seen in Primary pulmonary Tb

A

Ghon’s Focus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Ghon’s Complex

A

Ghon’s Focus + lymphatics + LN enlargement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

After 3 weeks of Tb exposure

A

Macrophages works as APC - carry mycobacteria antigen to LN - contact with TH1 cells - activation of TH1 cell - secrets Cytokines - IFN-alpha (required for macrophages activation) - Macrophages activation - leads to Granuloma formation - Mycobacteria inactivates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Ghon’s focus

A

Subpleural lesion along with hilar lymph nodes enlargement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Raenke’s Complex

A

Fibrous ghon’s focus + calcium deposition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Simon’s focus

A

If immunity low in Primary pulmonary Tb - lesion forms in apical centre

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Secondary pulmonary Tb can be due to

A

Reactivation - of prexisting mycobacteria
Reinfection - common in endemic areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Most common cause of secondary pulmonary Tb

A

Reactivation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Reactivation in case of Tb is mostly seen in which condition

A

Occurs when immunity decreases
Elderly patients
Immunosuppressive disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Why apical lesion most commonly seen in secondary pulmonary Tb

A

Because there is maximum ventilation perfusion ratio in apical region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

In case of Reactivation, individuals already sensitized for mycobacteria

A

Immune system rapidly recognizes mycobacteria antigen - leads to delayed type hypersensitivity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Types of hypersensitivity seen due to reactivation in case of secondary pulmonary Tb

A

Delayed type hypersensitivity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Delayed type hypersensitivity in secondary pulmonary Tb can leads to

A

Caseous necrosis
Cavitation ++
Hemoptysis - due to damage of Bronchial artery branches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

If low immunity in individuals in case of secondary pulmonary Tb

A

No delayed type hypersensitivity - bacteria spreads through lymphatics, hematogenous and aerogenous routes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Type of Tb when bacteria spreads through Lymph nodes

A

Miliary Tb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Type of Tb when bacteria spreads through Lymph nodes

A

Miliary Tb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Mycobacteria in case of secondary Pulmonary Tb can affect which systemic organs through lymphatics or hematogenous spread

A

Spleen
Liver
LN
Genital organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Type of Tb seen when bacteria spreads through aerogenous route

A

Endotracheal Tb
Laryngeal Tb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Clinical features of Secondary pulmonary Tb

A

Cough
Unexplained weight loss
Fever (evening rise of fever)
Night sweats
Hemoptysis
Anorexia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Most common source of Hemoptysis in Tuberculosis

A

Bronchial artery
Sometimes may be Pulmonary artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Effect of Tuberculosis infection on Lymph nodes
2nd most common involved Size increases Caseous necrosis Mating of LN (fusion)
26
Rich's focus
Present in brain in case of tubercular infection
27
Appearance seen on CSF exam in case of tubercular meningitis
Cobweb appearance
28
Cardiac manifestations in case of Tuberculosis
Chronic constrictive pericarditis
29
Most common cause of Chronic constrictive pericarditis in India
Tuberculosis
30
Which bones are most commonly involved in Tuberculosis infection
Vertebral column - Spinal tuberculosis or Pott's spine
31
Kidney related manifestations in Tuberculosis infection
Tubercular pyelonephritis Pus cell in urine (Pyuria)
32
Adrenal gland manifestations in case of Tuberculosis
Can lead to Chronic adrenal insufficiency
33
Most common cause of Chronic adrenal insufficiency in india
Tubercular adrenalitis Autoimmune adrenalitis
34
Male Genital tract involvement in Tb
Involves 1st epididymis and then involves testicular tissue
35
Female genital tract involvement in Tb
Involvement of fallopian tube - Decreases fertility
36
Focus seen in liver in case of Tb
Simmond's focus
37
Focus seen in Pulmonary vein in case of Tb
Weigart focus
38
Involvement of ear in Tb
Tubercular otitis media - multiple perforations in tympanic membrane
39
Eye involvement in Tb
Phlectenular conjunctivitis (Type 4 HR) - associated with delayed type HR
40
Diagnostic methods of Tuberculosis
ESR Lymphocytosis Sputum examination - Stain, Culture, PCR - CBNAAT Chest X ray CT scan
41
Sputum sample in case of Tb is usually taken at which time
Early morning
42
Findings on staining method in Tb
Mycolic acid - acid fast appearance - Pink colored mycobacteria in Bluish background can be seen
43
Gold standard diagnostic method for Tb
Bacterial culture
44
Bacterial culture can be done on which media in Tb
Lobstein Jenson media Takes time Bactec media - needs>10,000 bac.
45
Decontamination method used for sputum in case of Tb
Petroff's method NALC method
46
Full form of CBNAAT
Cartridge based nucleic acid amplification test
47
X ray findings in case of Tb
Tubercular focus+ Pleural effusion - On pleural tap - Straw colored fluid, increased adenosine deaminase
48
MDR-TB full form
Multidrug resistance Tb
49
MDR-TB therapy given to patients who are resistant to
Isoniazid/Rifampicin resistant
50
XDR-TB full form
Extensively drug resistant Tb
51
XDR -TB therapy is resistant to
Resistance to 1st line drugs Aminoglycosides Injectable fluoroquinolones
52
Pneumonia
Inflammation and infection of lung parenchyma
53
Classification of pneumonia
Typical Pneumonia (Air space Pneumonia) Atypical Pneumonia (Interstitial Pneumonia)
54
Most common cause of Typical Pneumonia
Bacterial infection
55
Characteristics findings of Typical Pneumonia
Presence of alveolar exudates (M.I) Neutrophilic infiltration
56
Most common causes of Atypical Pneumonia
Mostly non bacterial in nature
57
Infiltration seen in Atypical Pneumonia
Involvement of Interstitial spaces Macrophages/lymphocytes infiltration
58
Laennec stages of Typical Pneumonia
Congestion Red hepatization Gray hepatization Resolution
59
Congestion stage of Typical Pneumonia
1-2 days Blood vessels dilatation Fluid in alveoli (bacteria +, WBC +++)
60
Red hepatization stage of Typical Pneumonia
3-4 days Fluid in alveoli - WBC + , RBC +++ Lungs consistency decreases - Liver like consistency (hepatization) Fibrin +
61
Gray hepatization stage of Typical Pneumonia
5-8 days RBC breakdown Fibrin deposition +++ - color changes to gray
62
Resolution stage of Typical Pneumonia
More than 8 days Phagocytosis of causative organism by WBC
63
Lobar pneumonia
S. Pneumoniae Whole lobe involvement
64
Bronchopneumonia
Smaller airways Patchy involvement Seen in childrens and adzlts Basal/bilateral
65
Clinical features of Typical Pneumonia
Fever with chills Cough with sputum Dyspnea Pain on deep inspiration
66
Clinical features of Atypical Pneumonia
Also termed as Walking pneumonia Fever Cough - dry cough Mild dyspnea
67
Organisms associated with Typical Pneumonia
Streptococcus pneumoniae Staphylococcus aureus Klebsiella H. Influenza Pseudomonas aeruginosa
68
Most common cause of community acquired pneumonia
S. Pneumoniae
69
Staph aureus in Pneumonia
Associated with secondary pneumonia Abscess formation
70
Sputum in case of pneumonia caused by Klebsiella
Red currant jelly sputum
71
Bacteria most commonly responsible for pneumonia on aspiration
Klebsiella
72
Most common bacterial cause of COPD exacerbations
H. Influenza - capsulated organism
73
Vaccine for Type 'b' H influenza
Hib Vaccine
74
Which organism most commonly causes pneumonia in immunocompromised individuals
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
75
Most common cause in Nosocomial and ventilator associated pneumonia
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
76
Organisms associated with Atypical Pneumonia
Mycoplasma pneumoniae Chlamydia Pneumocystis jiroveci Coxiella brunetti Legionella
77
Most common cause of Atypical Pneumonia
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
78
2nd most common cause of Atypical Pneumonia
Chlamydia
79
Fungus responsible for Atypical Pneumonia
Pneumocystis jiroveci Affects immunocompromised individuals (AIDS)
80
Cause of Q fever
Coxiella brunetti
81
Legionella
Air loving organismd ICU admitted patient + immunocompromised History of post transplant
82
Pontiac fever is caused by
Legionella
83
Viruses responsible for Atypical Pneumonia
Influenza type A Respiratory syncytial virus(RSV) Measles CMV
84
Adult respiratory syndrome can also be termed as
Shock lung Stiff lung Hyelin membrane disease (HMD) Non cardiac Pulmonary edema
85
Findings of Adult respiratory distress syndrome
Acute respiratory failure within 1 week + Radiographically bilateral pulmonary opacities
86
Direct risk factors of ARDS
Direct injury to lungs Pneumonia Gastric aspiration Inhaled gas
87
Overall most common cause of ARDS
Pneumonia
88
Initiation point in pathogenesis of ARDS
Endothelial cell injury - release Cytokines - IL-8 - neutrophils accumulation - damages alveolar epithelial cells - surfactants decreases - surface tension increases - leads to alveolar collapse Also release of Cytokines - leads to increase in permeability - leak out of protein rich fluid - protein rich fluid makes barrier - formation of hyelin membrane - decreased elasticity of lung - stiff lung
88
Clinical features of ARDS
Respiratory distress - Hypoxemia - Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome - Death
89
Diagnosis of ARDS
Chest X ray Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP)
90
Finding of chest x ray in ARDS
Bilateral Pulmonary opacities (Whitish appearance) - "White-out lung"
91
Treatment of ARDS
O2 - Refractory Targets primary cause - If pneumonia treat it PEEP Ventilation (Positive End expiratory pressure ventilation) Steroids
92
Cause of Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome
Surfactants deficiency
93
Stimulatory effect of which hormones on surfactants production
Cortisol Thyroxine
94
Inhibitory effect of which hormone on Surfactants production
Insulin
95
Surfactants are secreted from
Type 2 Pneumocytes
96
Surfactants secretion starts from which week of gestation
From 28th week of gestation
97
Secretion of Surfactants peaks in which week of gestation
33-34th week
98
Chemical composition of Surfactants
Lecithin - Dilpalmityl phosphatidyl choline (DPPC)
99
Function of Surfactants
Decreases surface tension - increased alveolar collapse tendency Surfactants reduces alveolar collapse tendency
100
Etiology of Neonatal respiratory distress Syndrome
Premature baby (M.C cause) C-section Maternal diabetes - maternal hyperglycemia - fetal Hyperglycemia - fetal pancreas stimulation - insulin secretion increases - Surfactants inhibition
101
Clinical features of Neonatal respiratory distress Syndrome
Onset of respiratory distress within few hours of birth Tachypnea Hypoxemia
102
Diagnosis of NRDS
Lecithin : Singomyelin ratio - L:S ratio in amniotic fluid Chest X ray
103
Normal L:S ratio
>2:1
104
If L:S ratio <2:1
High chances of NRDS
105
X ray finding in NRDS
White -out lung Ground glass opacity
106
Complications of NRDS
Decreased O2 in blood - Patent ductus arteriosus Intestine - gut mucosa injury - Necrotizing enterocolitis
107
Treatment of NRDS
Surfactants for lung maturity - Intratracheal administration of Surfactants O2 therapy - Endotracheal tube Steroids to mother if risk of premature baby - increases no. Of Surfactants in baby
108
Indirect risk factors of ARDS
Sepsis Mechanical Trauma TRALI(Transfusion related acute lung injury) DIC Fat embolism Drugs - Barbiturates Pancreatitis Burns

Pathology (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions