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Pathology > GIT Disorders > Flashcards

GIT Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Layers of GI tract

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis propria
Serosa

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2
Q

Topmost layer of GI tract

A

Mucosa

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3
Q

Epithelial lining of Oral cavity

A

Squamous epithelium

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4
Q

Epithelial lining of Oesophagus

A

Stratified squamous non keratinized epithelium

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5
Q

Epithelial lining of Stomach, Small intestine and Large intestine

A

Columnar epithelium

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6
Q

Epithelial lining of Anal canal

A

Squamous epithelium

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7
Q

Meissner’s plexus is located within

A

Submucosa

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8
Q

Function of Meissner’s plexus

A

Secretory in nature and absorptive function

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9
Q

Muscularis propria consists of

A

Inner circular and
Outer longitudinal

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10
Q

Aurebach’s or Myenteric plexus is located within

A

Muscularis propria

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11
Q

Aurebach’s or Myenteric plexus function

A

Responsible for motor activity - Peristalsis

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12
Q

Innermost layer of GI tract

A

Serosa

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13
Q

Serosa is absent in which part of GI tract

A

Oesophagus

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14
Q

Which layers are absent in gall bladder

A

Muscularis propria and
Submucosa

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15
Q

IBD is most commonly seen in which age group and gender

A

Young females

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16
Q

IBD happens due to

A

Abnormal activation of immune system against normal gut bacteria

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17
Q

Is IBD included in Autoimmune disorders?

A

NO

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18
Q

Which organs can be involved in IBD

A

GIT
Skin
Eye
Joint
Bile ducts

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19
Q

Clinical features of IBD due to effect on GIT

A

Severe abdominal colicky pain
Bloody stools
Diarrhea

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20
Q

Clinical features of IBD due to involvement of skin

A

Pyoderma gangrenosa

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21
Q

Effects on eye in case of IBD

A

Photophobia
Watery eyes

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22
Q

Effects on bile ducts in case of IBD

A

Obstructive Jaundice

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23
Q

Most common history in Crohn’s disesase

A

Smoking

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24
Q

In Crohn’s disesase, which part of GIT is involved

A

Can involve any part of GIT

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25
Q

Most commonly affected part of GIT in Crohn’s disesase

A

Ileum

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26
Q

Rarely affected part in Crohn’s disesase

A

Rectum

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27
Q

Superficial ulcers seen in Crohn’s disease

A

Aphthous ulcers

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28
Q

Skip lesions are seen in

A

Crohns disease

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29
Q

Irregular mucosa seen in Crohns disease can termed as

A

Cobblestone Mucosa

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30
Q

Which layers are involved in Crohn’s disease

A

All 4 layers are involved (Transmural inflammation)

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31
Q

Due to Excessive fibrosis in Crohn’s disease

A

Decreased size of lumen (Stricture formation)

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32
Q

Radiological finding due to excessive fibrosis in Crohn’s disesase

A

STRING SIGN

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33
Q

Involvement of T cells in Crohn’s disease

A

TH17 cell/ TH1 cell

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34
Q

Type of inflammation in Crohn’s disease

A

Granulomatous inflammation

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35
Q

Antibody seen in Crohn’s disease

A

ASCA (Anti Saccharomyces cerevisiae Antibody) +

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36
Q

Creeping fat is seen in which GIT disorder

A

Crohn’s disease

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37
Q

Clinical features of Crohn’s disease

A

Abdominal colicky pain
Bloody stools
Uveitis
Joint pain
Bile duct involvement
Skin involvement - Pyoderma gangrenosa

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38
Q

Complications of Crohn’s disease

A

Fistula formation
High risk of Kidney stones

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39
Q

Pathogenesis of Kidney stones in Crohn’s disease

A

Defective ileum - No Calcium and Bile acids absorption- Oxalate combines with Calcium and increased absorption - can lead to Kidney stones

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40
Q

Risk of colon cancer in Crohn’s disease

A

High risk

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41
Q

Ulcerative colitis involves which part of GI Tract

A

Only Large intestine or Colon

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42
Q

Most commonly affected part of GIT in Ulcerative colitis

A

Rectum

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43
Q

Complete inflammation of Colon is termed as

A

Pancolitis

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44
Q

Backwash ileitis is seen in which GIT disorder

A

Ulcerative colitis

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45
Q

Which layers of GIT are involved in Ulcerative colitis

A

Superficial layers - Mucosa and Submucosa

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46
Q

Chances of fistula formation in Ulcerative colitis

A

Low chances

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47
Q

Pseudopolyps can be seem in

A

Ulcerative colitis

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48
Q

Microscopic finding in Ulcerative colitis

A

Crypts abscess

49
Q

Antibody seen in Ulcerative colitis

A

p-ANCA (p-Antineutrophilic Cytoplasmic antibody)

50
Q

Toxic megacolon is seen in which disorder

A

Ulcerative colitis
Increased size of transverse colon

51
Q

Bile duct involvement in Ulcerative colitis can leads to

A

Primary sclerosing Cholangitis

52
Q

Radiological finding in Ulcerative colitis

A

Lead pipe appearance

53
Q

T cell involved in Ulcerative colitis

A

TH2 cell

54
Q

Type of inflammation in Ulcerative colitis

A

Non granulomatous inflammation

55
Q

Risk of development of colon cancer in Ulcerative colitis

A

High risk

56
Q

Mass like projections present in lumen of intestine are termed as

A

Intestinal polyps

57
Q

Types of intestinal polyps

A

Non neoplastic Polyps
Neoplastic Polyps

58
Q

Subtypes of Non-neoplastic Polyps

A

Inflammatory Polyps
Hyperplastic Polyps
Hamartomatous Polyps

59
Q

Subtype of Neoplastic Polyps

A

Adenomatous Polyps

60
Q

Which is the most dangerous subtype of Intestinal polyps

A

Adenomatous Polyps

61
Q

Inflammatory Polyps are

A

Secondary to inflammation

62
Q

Hyperplastic Polyps are usually present at

A

Rectosigmoid junction

63
Q

Subtypes of Hamartomatous Polyps

A

Juvenile polyps
Peutz-Jegher Polyps

64
Q

Juvenile polyps are usually seen in which age group

A

Usually seen in 1st decade of life
Mostly <5yr

65
Q

Mostly affected part of GIT in Juvenile polyps

A

Rectum

66
Q

Peutz-Jegher Polyps are usually seen in what age

A

Around Puberty
11yrs of age

67
Q

Peutz-Jegher Polyps are usually affects which part of GIT

A

Jejunum

68
Q

Juvenile Polyposis Syndrome mode of inheritance

A

Autosomal dominant

69
Q

Mutation seen in Juvenile Polyposis Syndrome

A

Gene SMAD

70
Q

Risk of cancer in Juvenile Polyposis Syndrome

A

High

71
Q

Condition with Multiple Peutz-Jegher Polyps is termed as

A

Peutz-Jegher Syndrome

72
Q

Effect on skin in Peutz-Jegher Syndrome

A

Hyperpigmentation of skin

73
Q

Maximum risk of cancer in which type of Polyp

A

Adenomatous Polyps

74
Q

Which gene is defective in case of Familial adenomatous Polyposis (FAP)

A

APC gene

75
Q

APC gene is responsible for

A

Decreases growth of adenomatous Polyps

76
Q

If APC gene is not working properly then there is

A

Increased no. Of adenomatous Polyps

77
Q

In case of Classical familial adenomatous Polyposis we can se

A

> 100 adenomatous Polyps

78
Q

Turcot Syndrome

A

Combination of FAP and CNS Tumors

79
Q

Gardener Syndrome

A

Combination of FAP and other type of Adenomas

80
Q

In case of MUTYH-Associated Polyposis there is defect in

A

DNA Repair genes

81
Q

Colon cancer is usually seen in which age group

A

Elderly patients

82
Q

Colon cancer can gradually lead to which type of anemia

A

Gradually progressive Iron deficiency anemia - due to chronic blood loss

83
Q

Colon cancer is which type of Carcinoma

A

Adenocarcinoma

84
Q

Most common site in colon cancer

A

Rectum

85
Q

Genetic risk factors in Colon cancer

A

HNPCC syndrome/LYNCH Syndrome
FAP Syndrome

86
Q

Defect in HNPCC or LYNCH Syndrome

A

DNA repair gene defect

87
Q

LYNCH SYNDROME type of inheritance

A

Autosomal dominant

88
Q

Most common site involved in LYNCH Syndrome

A

Proximal colon

89
Q

Subtypes of Adenomatous Polyps

A

Tubular
Villous
Tubulovillous

90
Q

Most common subtype of adenomatous Polyps

A

Tubular

91
Q

Maximum risk of cancer in which subtype of adenomatous Polyps

A

Villous - most dangerous

92
Q

Non genetic risk factors of Colon cancer

A

Dietary lipids
Radiation exposure
Ureterosigmoidostomy
Streptococcus Bovis infection

93
Q

Protective factors of Colon cancer

A

Dietary fibers - increases gut motility
Drugs - COX inhibitors

94
Q

COX Inhibitors have protective role in cancer because

A

They Decreases proliferation of Adenomatous Polyps

95
Q

Clinical Presentation in case of Right sided Colon cancer/Ascending colon cancer

A

History of LYNCH Syndrome
Ulcerative cancer - Chronic blood loss
Iron deficiency anemia
Symptoms of anemia

96
Q

Clinical Presentation in case of Left sided colon cancer/Descending colon

A

Common site - Rectum
Rectal bleeding
Tenesmus
Spurry diarrhea
Blood in mucus
Alteration in bowel habits

97
Q

Tenesmus means

A

Urge to defecate but can’t do so

98
Q

Investigation of choice in Colon cancer

A

Colonoscopy + Biopsy

99
Q

Detection of occult blood loss is done by which test

A

Guaiac test

100
Q

In blood sample of Colon cancer patients, we can see increased level of

A

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)

101
Q

In Colon cancer, Radiological findings includes

A

Apple core appearance
NAPKIN-RING Appearance

102
Q

Site of Metastasis of Colon cancer

A

Regional lymph nodes
Liver
Lungs

103
Q

In females, when colon cancer metastasize to ovary, leading to increased size of ovary termed as

A

Krukenberg tumor

104
Q

Tracheo-esophageal fistula means

A

Abnormal connection between Trachea and esophagus

105
Q

In Tracheo-esophageal fistula Upper end of Esophagus have

A

Blind ending

106
Q

In Tracheo-esophageal fistula lower end of Esophagus attached to

A

Trachea above bifurcation

107
Q

Clinical features of Tracheo-esophageal fistula

A

Polyhydroamnios (too much amniotic fluid around baby during the)
Abdominal distension
High chance of development of aspirational pneumonia

108
Q

In Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, we can see

A

Hypertrophy of muscle present in Pylorus which leads to narrowing of lumen

109
Q

In case of Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, clinical Presentation is usually seen after

A

3-6 weeks

110
Q

Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is associated with

A

Trisomy 18 and 21
Drugs - Erythromycin

111
Q

Clinical Presentation in Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

A

New onset regurgitation
Vomiting after drinking milk - Non bilious vomiting
“Olive lump”

112
Q

Best Diagnosis in case of Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

A

Ultrasonography

113
Q

Treatment of Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

A

Pyloromyotomy - excission of excessive muscle

114
Q

In Hirschsprung disease, we can see

A

Failure of migration of neural crest cells
Leads to constricted bowel in affected areas and dilated bowel in proximal area due to accumulation of gastric contents

115
Q

Most common part of GIT affected in Hirschsprung disease/Congenital Aganglionic megacolon

A

Rectum

116
Q

Which gene is involved in Hirschsprung disease

A

RET Gene

117
Q

Hirschsprung disease is usually associated with

A

Down Syndrome

118
Q

Clinical Presentation of Hirschsprung disease

A

Not able to pass stools because muscle not relaxing properly
Constipation
Abdominal distension

119
Q

Diagnosis in case of Hirschsprung disease

A

Suction Biopsy - Rectum

Pathology (14 decks)

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