Ch 23 Infectious diseases and disease prevention

Question 1

Why influence of vaccination cannot completely prevent an influence of pandemic

Answer 1

Because the types of flu virus circulating may vary from year to year and the flu virus mutates easily. The antigens on the virus surface are different. Previously formed memory cell failed to recognise new viral antigens.

Question 2

A method for testing patients for infection with human swine influenza virus. Explain the methods u used

Answer 2

Obtain some sample from the patient nasal swab / sputum, test for H1N1 flu viral antigen. Or test the patient’s blood for antibodies against the H1N1 virus. Because the antigens on the H1N1 virus stimulates the lymphocytes to produce corresponding specific antibodies.

Question 3

Function of antibiotics:

Answer 3

1. Inhibit the formation of bacterial cell wall
   2.Damage the cell membrane of bacteria
2. Inhibit the synthesis of nucleic acid which cannot carry out cell division
3. Inhibit protein synthesis in bacteria
4. Antibiotics cannot kill viruses because virus does not have cell metabolisms.

Question 4

Virus

Answer 4

Infulenza, SARS, MERS, Chickenpox, measles, Pneumonia, Dengue fever and Hepatitis B

Question 5

Bacterium

Answer 5

Tuberculosis, Pneumonia, Cholera and plague

Question 6

Protist

Answer 6

Malaria

Question 7

Fungus

Answer 7

Athlete’s foot

Question 8

Ways of transmission

Answer 8

1. By droplets or air, wearing a face mask, wash your hands properly, influenza SARS ,MERS, tuberculosis
2. Food and water, drink boiled water, handle food properly, cholera and gastroenteritis
3. By vectors ,remove the breeding place of the vectors, kill the vectors, typhus cholera malaria
4. Body fluid (blood, semen), wear gloves when handling wounds, never share injection needles, Hepatitis B , AIDS
5. By direct contact, minimise physical contact with infected persons and maintain good personal hygiene, athletes foot and genital herpes

Question 9

Adverse consequence of misuse of antibiotics

Answer 9

The development of antibiotic resistance by bacteria is a natural evolutionary process. Abuse of antibiotics will increase the chance of bacteria being exposed to antibiotics, resulting in strong selection pressure which will accelerate the development of antibiotic resistance in a large number of bacterial populations.

Question 10

Two practices that you could adopt slow down the rise of resistant forms of bacteria

Answer 10

Prescribe antibiotics only when necessary, instruct patient to finish the whole course of prescription, use narrow spectrum antibiotics, use new drugs, example, sulpha drugs can inhibit some enzymes and bacteria ,and inhibit their growth.

Question 11

Increase amount of antibiotics

Answer 11

Genetic variations exist among the bacteria in their resistance to the antibiotic
The increased use of antibiotics kills non-resistant form 
The resistant form survive and continue to reproduce resistant offspring
The proportion of resistant bacteria in the population increases