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Intro to Sonography > Infectious Disease and Prevention > Flashcards

Infectious Disease and Prevention Flashcards

1
Q

What is OSHA?

A

occupational safety and health administration, a regulatory agency

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2
Q

What do the universal precautions for infection control include?

A

Just blood

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3
Q

What do the standard precautions for infection consist of?

A

all body fluids

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4
Q

What are the standard/universal precautions?

A

All pts must be treated as possible sources of infection
All body fluids should be considered hazardous
All contact with non intact skin and mucous membranes are hazardous

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5
Q

What is infection?

A

invasion and subsequent multiplication of microorganisms within the body resulting in localized cellular injury

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6
Q

What are the 2 types of infections?

A

localized and systemic

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7
Q

What is a localized infection?

A

when it is restricted to a specific area or region

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8
Q

What is a systemic infection?

A

when it is throughout the whole body

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9
Q

How is a cycle of infection created?

A

when a pathogen finds an environment in which it can grow

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10
Q

What are the 4 factors in the spread of disease?

A
  1. infectious organism
  2. reservoir of infection
  3. susceptible host
  4. means of transporting the organism
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11
Q

What is bacteria?

A

single celled organisms

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12
Q

What are viruses?

A

a microorganism smaller than bacteria

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13
Q

What is a protozoa?

A

a complex single celled animal

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14
Q

What are prions?

A

an infectious protein

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15
Q

What is fungi?

A

a kingdom of organisms that includes yeast and mold

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16
Q

What is rickettsia?

A

much smaller than bacteria, must live inside of another organisms, do not move independently (through tick bites)

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17
Q

What is the ideal environment for infection?

A

moist, damp, warm, has nutrients to feed on

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18
Q

What are the reservoirs of infection?

A

Human body, contaminated food/water, unclean places

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19
Q

What makes a person at increased risk for infection?

A

-fatigued or poorly nourished
-chronic illness
-pt undergoing radiation therapy
-post-op pts
-elderly

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20
Q

What is an HAI?

A

nosocomial hospital acquired infection

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21
Q

What are common nosocomial infections?

A

MRSA (methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus)
VRE (vancomycin resistant enterococcus)

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22
Q

What are the indirect ways infections can spread?

A

formites, vector, airborne, droplet, vehicle

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23
Q

What are formites?

A

when infections are spread by touching an object that has been in contact (catheter)

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23
Q

What is a vector?

A

when infections are transported via insect or animal carriers

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24
Q

What is the easiest part of the chain of infections to break?

A

transmission

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25
Q

What is clostridium difficile?

A

aka C. diff
caused by antibiotic use
found on sheets, bed rails, etc
causes severe diarrhea and fever
often transmitted indirectly

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26
Q

What is tuberculosis?

A

aka TB
affects lungs
spread through droplets

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27
Q

What is human papillomavirus?

A

aka HPV
most common STI
spread by direct contact
causes warts
no cure

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28
Q

What is the best way to stop the spread of infections?

A

handwashing

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29
Q

What is medical asepsis?

A

reducing the probability of infectious organisms being transmitted to susceptible host, includes cleaning, disinfecting, sterilizing

30
Q

What is microbial dilution?

A

the process of reducing the total number of organisms

31
Q

What is the spaulding classification?

A

system used to determine sterilization and disinfection requirements for medical devices, 3 levels

32
Q

What are the 3 levels of the Spaulding classification?

A

critical, semi-critical, non-critical

33
Q

What is the critical level?

A

transducer contacted sterile tissue during procedure (body fluids, blood)

34
Q

What is semi-critical?

A

transducer contacted mucous membranes or non intact skin during procedure (cuts, TV, TEE)

35
Q

What is non-critical?

A

transducer only contacted skin

36
Q

How should you clean after critical procedure?

A

cleaned followed by sterilization

37
Q

How should you clean after semi-critical procedure?

A

cleaned followed by HLD

38
Q

How should you clean after non-critical procedure?

A

cleaned followed by LLD

39
Q

What gel should you use for critical exam?

A

single use sterile gel

40
Q

What gel should you use for semi-critical exam?

A

single use or single use sterile

41
Q

What gel should you use for non-critical exam?

A

single use non sterile or multiuse non sterile gel bottle

42
Q

What transducer cover should you use for critical exam?

A

sterile cover

43
Q

What transducer covershould you use for semi-critical exam?

A

sterile cover or non sterile cover

44
Q

What transducer cover should you use for non-critical exam?

A

no sterile cover

45
Q

What is high level disinfection?

A

HLD, removal of all microorganisms except bacterial endospores

46
Q

What is automated HLD?

A

trophon

47
Q

What is manual HLD?

A

cidex solution

48
Q

What is considered when choosing a high level disinfectant?

A

-cost
-duration of time per cleaning cycle
-reuse period
-ventilation requirements
-contraindications
-transducer capabilities
-rinsing requirements

49
Q

What is Cidex?

A

-soaking solution of harmful chemicals
-achieves HLD in 12 minutes
reusable for 14 days `

50
Q

What is a Trophon?

A

-automated, closed system that uses a vaporized hydrogen peroxide solution
-7 minutes per cycle
-traceability
-probe friendly
-consistency

51
Q

What is a low level disinfection?

A

LLD
-the inactivation of vegetative bacteria, enveloped viruses and most fungi
-used for non critical exams

52
Q

What are common LLD?

A

-quaternary ammonium compounds
-alcohols
-phenols
-disinfectant wipes

53
Q

What other medical accessories need disinfected?

A

-wedges
-beds
-BP cuff
-ECG cables
-US machine
-stethoscope
-probe cords

54
Q

What is practical asepsis?

A

-stay at home when ill
-cover mouth when you cough or sneeze
-wear clean clothes/shoes
-wash hands
-use hand sanitizer
-wear gloves
-clean environment

55
Q

Where do you dispose of needles and syringes?

A

sharps container

56
Q

Where do you dispose of bandages and dressings?

A

biohazard bags

56
Q

What is donning?

A

putting gloves on

57
Q

What is doffing?

A

taking off gloves

58
Q

What are the types of isolation?

A

-strict
-contact
-respiratory
-AFB
-enteric
-drainage/secretion
-reverse

59
Q

What is strict isolation?

A

-mask, gown, gloves, hand washing
-contaminated articles placed in bag and discarded
-ex diptheria, chicken pox

60
Q

What is contact isolation?

A

-masks, gown, gloves
-handwashing after touching pt
-contaminated articles discarded
-ex impetigo, flu, scabies, MRSA, C-diff

61
Q

What is respiratory isolation?

A

-mask
-handwashing before and after pt contact
-contaminated articles discarded
-ex measles, mumps, meningitis

62
Q

What is AFB (acid fast bacilli) isolation?

A

-mask
-hand washing
-discard contaminated items
-ex TB

63
Q

What is enteric isolation?

A

-gloves, gowns
-handwashing
-discard contaminated items
-ex stomach flu, typhoid fever, Hep A

64
Q

What is drainage/secretion isolation?

A

-gloves and gowns
-discard contaminated item
-ex any open sore, puss, abscess, bed sores

65
Q

What is reverse isolation?

A

-protects pt from us
-masks, gowns, gloves, hand washing
-burn pt, transplant pt, chemo pt

66
Q

What is surgical asepsis?

A

aims to completely remove all organisms from equipment used to perform pt care procedures

67
Q

What are the 5 methods for sterilization?

A
  1. chemicals
  2. boiling (at least 12 minutes)
  3. dry heat (1-6 minutes)
  4. gas
  5. autoclave
68
Q

What are the principles of sterile asepsis?

A

-if you suspect item is contaminated, discard it
-never reach across sterile field
-do not pass between physician and sterile field
-never leave sterile field unattended
-pass other sterile people back to back

69
Q

What are the steps to putting on sterile gloves?

A
  1. Wash hands
  2. open outer wrap of gloves
    3.expose gloves
    4.put on first glove
    5.using gloved hand, grab second glove
    6.put on second glove and unfold cuff
    7.insert fingers under first glove an unfold cuff
    8.keep hands in front of body
70
Q

What are the steps of opening a sterile tray?

A

1.open just before procedure
2.break seal
3.unfold 1st corner away from you
4. unfold 2 sides
5.pull front flap down toward you

71
Q

What are some tips for asepsis?

A

-keep fingernails clean
-limit nail polish
-wash hands
-no large jewelry
-wash uniforms
-keep hair tied up
-avoid contamination of your home by taking clothes/shoes off in garage

Intro to Sonography (8 decks)

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