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Intro to Sonography > Basic Pharmacology > Flashcards

Basic Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

What is pharmacology?

A

Study of drugs
-origin
-nature
-uses
-effects

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2
Q

What is the definition of a drug?

A

any chemical substance that produces a biologic response, used as medicine

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3
Q

What are the nomencaltures of drugs?

A
  1. Name
  2. Action
  3. Legal classification
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4
Q

What are the drug classifications?

A

-chemical
-generic
-trade

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5
Q

What is the chemical classifications?

A

the chemical structure of a drug, complex, not used in every day conversation
EX. 2-diphenylmehoxy-N

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6
Q

What is the generic?

A

derived from chemical name, easy to pronounce, less expensive, available once patent on trademark expires
EX. ibuprofen

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7
Q

What is the trade name?

A

name for a drug given by pharmaceutical company, easy/short name, brand name
EX tylenol

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8
Q

What is PDR?

A

physicians desk reference

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9
Q

What are the legal classifications of drugs?

A

prescription and nonprescription

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10
Q

What information is included on a prescription?

A

-pt name
-drug name
-dosage
-dose regimen
-rout of administration
-refills
-name of doctor

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11
Q

noct

A

at night

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12
Q

pc

A

after meals

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13
Q

sos

A

if necessary

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14
Q

supp

A

suppository

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15
Q

vo

A

verbal order

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16
Q

What are non-prescription drugs?

A

OTC drugs
controlled by FDA

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17
Q

What are dietary supplements?

A

-not controlled by FDA
-vitamins/minerals

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18
Q

What are herbal remedies?

A

not controlled by FDA
EX. ginseng, St Johns Wort

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19
Q

What are the problems with herbal remedies?

A

-can be brought to market without proof of safety/efficacy
-can have adverse effects
-can interact with prescription meds

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20
Q

What is the FDA?

A

food and drug administration
-test new drugs for safety and efficacy
-several thousand drugs considered

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21
Q

What is preclinical devlopment?

A

animal studies, few hundred

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22
Q

What are clinical trials?

A

human studies, less than 10

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23
Q

What is the loading dose?

A

large dose given at beginning of treatment to quickly obtain therapeutic results

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24
Q

What is the maintenance dose?

A

keeps plasma concentration of the drug continuously in the therapeutic range

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25
Q

What are dose forms?

A

the way the drug is introduced into the body, can determine speed of therapeutic effect

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26
Q

What are the different types of dose forms?

A
  1. tablet
  2. capsule
  3. inhalant
  4. suppository
  5. solution
  6. suspension
  7. transdermal patch
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27
Q

What is a tablet?

A

granulated drug that is compressed, most common

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28
Q

What are capsules?

A

powdered or liquid drug inside gelatin shell

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29
Q

What is an inhalant?

A

-drug deposited on respiratory mucosa and can dilate bronchi or reduce inflammation
-used in treatment for asthma or COPD

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30
Q

What are suppositories?

A

-drug that is inserted into body orifice
-dissolves and releases drug
-used for local or systemic effect

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31
Q

What is a solution?

A

-drug is dissolved in liquid
-rapidly absorbed

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32
Q

What is a suspension?

A

-drug is in liquid in small particles
-does not dissolve
-must be shaken
-administered PO only

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33
Q

What is a transdermal patch?

A

-applied to skin
-absorbed in bloodstream
-water resistant
-releases drug gradually over time

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34
Q

What are the classifications of drugs?

A

-antiemetics
-analgesics
-anesthetics
-antiarrhythmics
-antibiotics
-anticoagulant
-antidiabetic
-vasodilators
-antihistamines
-antihyperlipidemic
-antihypertensives
-corticosteroids
-diuretics
-thrombolytics
-vasocontrictors

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35
Q

What are antimetics?

A

used to prevent or relieve nausea or vomiting
EX. haldol, compazine, phenergen, reglan, zofran, benadryl, meclizine

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36
Q

What are analgesics?

A

used to relieve pain without causing loss of consciousness

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37
Q

What are the 2 groups of analgesics?

A
  1. nonopioids / nonnarcotic
  2. opioids / narcotics
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38
Q

What are nonopioids / nonnarcotics?

A

used for mild to moderate pain and does not cause physical dependence
EX. acetaminophen

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39
Q

What are opioids / narcotics?

A

used for moderate to severe pain, can lead to physical dependence
EX. oxycodone, hydrocodone, morphine

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40
Q

What is Narcan?

A

antagonist to opioid overdose
aka naloxone

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41
Q

What is primary vascular pharmacology?

A

aka essential
anything that increases vascular pressure causing the heart to work harder as it pumps against increased resistance
EX. genetics, obesity, artherosclerosis

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42
Q

What is secondary vascular pharmacology?

A

associated with renal function disease, endocrine/adrenal disorders, excessive alcohol, steroids

43
Q

What are the types of blood pressure medications?

A

diuretics, beta blockers, vasodilators, calcium channel blockers

44
Q

What do diuretics do?

A

reduce blood volume

45
Q

What do beta blockers do?

A

slow heartbeat and dilate vessels

46
Q

What do vasodilators do?

A

dilate vessels
EX nitro

47
Q

What do calcium channel blockers do?

A

slow heartbeat, reduce conduction irritability, dilate vessels

48
Q

What are diuretics?

A

group of drugs that promote water loss from body into urine, most common is lasix

49
Q

What are thrombolytic drugs / tissue plasminogen activators (TPA)?

A

they dissolve preformed blood clots by fibronolysis, used in management of PE, DVT, IV administration

50
Q

What are vasoconstrictors?

A

used to constrict blood vessels, raises blood pressure, can be used to treat shock
EX norepinephrine

51
Q

What are anticoagulants?

A

blood thinners, used to prolong bleeding time and prevent harmful clots from forming in vessels

52
Q

What are the types of anticoagulants?

A

heparin, lovenox, coumadin/warfarin, plavix, aspirin

53
Q

What is heparin?

A

found in liver naturally, medication is animal extract, increases length of clotting time, prevents thrombi from forming or enlarging (IV)

54
Q

What is lovenox?

A

low molecular weight heparin, given by subq injection, better absorbed, safer

55
Q

What is coumadin/warfarin?

A

oral, long term therapeutic blood thinner, can cause fetal malformations

56
Q

What is plavix?

A

prevents platelets from binding together

57
Q

When are blood tests to check bleeding times performed?

A

before invasive procedures when pt is on blood thinners (INR, PT, PTT)

58
Q

What is type 1 diabetes?

A

insulin is absent and treated with insulin

59
Q

What is type 2 diabetes?

A

insulin is deficient or there is insulin resistance and treated with insulin or drugs like metformin

60
Q

What is metformin?

A

for pts with diabetes

61
Q

What is an adverse side effect of metformin?

A

lactic acidosis

62
Q

What is hyperlipidemia?

A

elevation of one or more of the lipoprotein levels in plasma

63
Q

What are the major plasma lipids?

A

cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids

64
Q

What are antihyperlipidemic agents?

A

meds that lower cholesterol, aka statins
EX lipitor, crestor, zocor

65
Q

What is pharmacokinetics?

A

study of how a drug is absorbed, circulated, changed and leaves the body

66
Q

What are the 4 basics of pharmacokinetics?

A
  1. absorption
  2. distribution
  3. metabolim
  4. excretion
67
Q

What factors affect pharmacokinetics?

A

age, presence of disease, gender, genetics, weight, route/time of administration, interactions

68
Q

What is pharmacodynamics?

A

study of how drugs impact the bod

69
Q

What are the 4 types of adverse effects?

A
  1. side effect
  2. toxic effect
  3. allergic reaction
  4. idiosyncratic reaction
70
Q

What is a side effect?

A

the drug acts on tissue other than the targeted ones that causes a response unrelated to intended action

71
Q

What is toxic effect?

A

adverse drug effects related to dose of drug if dose is exceeded

72
Q

What is an idiosyncratic reaction?

A

abnormal response to drug causes by individuals genetic makeup

73
Q

What is drug toxicity?

A

drugs ability to poison by excessive dosing
EX coma from OD of morphine

74
Q

What is teratogenic?

A

able to cause birth defects in fetuses

75
Q

What is hepatotoxic?

A

drugs that cause destruction of the liver

76
Q

What is hypersensitivity?

A

allergic response to drug, requires immune state of host

77
Q

What is prophylaxis?

A

drug or other treatment given to prevent a disease

78
Q

What is an intradermal injection?

A

given just below skin surface, 15 degree angle
EX TB test

79
Q

What is a subcutaneous injection?

A

given just below skin, 45 degree angle
Ex. heparin, insulin

80
Q

What is an intramuscular injection?

A

injected into muscles, most rapid absorption, 90 degree angle

81
Q

What is an antibacterial drug?

A

kills bacteria

82
Q

What is vancomycin?

A

drug of choice for drug resistant staphylococcus and clostridium infections

83
Q

What are antiviral drugs?

A

vaccines
Ex. flu, covid, Hep A/B/C

84
Q

What is a virus?

A

tiny genetic parasites that require host cell to replicate and spread, it damages cell by blocking normal protein synthesis

85
Q

What are mycrotic/mycotic infections?

A

fungal infections that overtake the immune system

86
Q

What is toxoplasmosis?

A

parasite found in cat feces, causes birth defects and infections

87
Q

What are the types of parasitic worms?

A

roundworms, flatworms, arthopods, hookworms

88
Q

What are the male sex hormones?

A

aka androgens
produced by testes and adrenal cortex
testosterone is most abundant

89
Q

What are synthetic androgens used for?

A

Men: correct hypogonadism, cryptorchidism, and low sperm production
Women: treatment of breast engorgement, endometriosis, fibrocystic breast disorder
Ex. androderm, halotestin, testred

90
Q

What are estrogens?

A

-estradiol
-ovaries are primary source

91
Q

What are the synthetic forms of estradiol?

A

premarin, estrace, estraderm, menest

92
Q

What are the side effects of synthetic estrogens?

A

hypercoagulation, fetal malformations

93
Q

What are synthetic progesterones?

A

can help regulate menstrual cycles and fertility
Ex, depoprovera, progestin

94
Q

What is terbutaline sulfate?

A

uterine relaxant that works to stop preterm labor, injectable or IV

95
Q

What is magnesium sulfate?

A

used through IV to prevent seizures in preeclamptic pts and stop preterm labor, pt must remain hospitalized

96
Q

What is oxytocin (pitocin)?

A

released by posterior pituitary gland to stimulate labor, can be given through IV to start contractions/labor

97
Q

What are the endocrine glands?

A

pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, hypothalamus, thymus

98
Q

What drugs are used for the pituitary gland?

A

vasopressin, oxytocin

99
Q

What drugs are used for the thyroid gland?

A

synthroid, levothyroxine

100
Q

What is glucagon?

A

triggers release of stored liver glycogen to blood glucose

101
Q

What is insulin?

A

triggers blood glucose to convert to stored glycogen

102
Q

What are steroids?

A

drugs that suppress an acute inflammatory reaction and for immunosuppression
Ex. betamethasone, hydrocortisone, prednisone, prenisolone

103
Q

What are minerals (electrolytes)?

A

necessary for normal body functions, bone formation, conduction of nerves, myocardial and skeletal muscle contraction, blood clotting
(Calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, magnesium, chlorine, zinc, fluoride)

104
Q
A

Intro to Sonography (8 decks)

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