Basic Pharmacology Flashcards
1
Q
What is pharmacology?
A
Study of drugs
-origin
-nature
-uses
-effects
2
Q
What is the definition of a drug?
A
any chemical substance that produces a biologic response, used as medicine
3
Q
What are the nomencaltures of drugs?
A
- Name
- Action
- Legal classification
4
Q
What are the drug classifications?
A
-chemical
-generic
-trade
5
Q
What is the chemical classifications?
A
the chemical structure of a drug, complex, not used in every day conversation
EX. 2-diphenylmehoxy-N
6
Q
What is the generic?
A
derived from chemical name, easy to pronounce, less expensive, available once patent on trademark expires
EX. ibuprofen
7
Q
What is the trade name?
A
name for a drug given by pharmaceutical company, easy/short name, brand name
EX tylenol
8
Q
What is PDR?
A
physicians desk reference
9
Q
What are the legal classifications of drugs?
A
prescription and nonprescription
10
Q
What information is included on a prescription?
A
-pt name
-drug name
-dosage
-dose regimen
-rout of administration
-refills
-name of doctor
11
Q
noct
A
at night
12
Q
pc
A
after meals
13
Q
sos
A
if necessary
14
Q
supp
A
suppository
15
Q
vo
A
verbal order
16
Q
What are non-prescription drugs?
A
OTC drugs
controlled by FDA
17
Q
What are dietary supplements?
A
-not controlled by FDA
-vitamins/minerals
18
Q
What are herbal remedies?
A
not controlled by FDA
EX. ginseng, St Johns Wort
19
Q
What are the problems with herbal remedies?
A
-can be brought to market without proof of safety/efficacy
-can have adverse effects
-can interact with prescription meds
20
Q
What is the FDA?
A
food and drug administration
-test new drugs for safety and efficacy
-several thousand drugs considered
21
Q
What is preclinical devlopment?
A
animal studies, few hundred
22
Q
What are clinical trials?
A
human studies, less than 10
23
Q
What is the loading dose?
A
large dose given at beginning of treatment to quickly obtain therapeutic results
24
Q
What is the maintenance dose?
A
keeps plasma concentration of the drug continuously in the therapeutic range
25
What are dose forms?
the way the drug is introduced into the body, can determine speed of therapeutic effect
26
What are the different types of dose forms?
1. tablet
2. capsule
3. inhalant
4. suppository
5. solution
6. suspension
7. transdermal patch
27
What is a tablet?
granulated drug that is compressed, most common
28
What are capsules?
powdered or liquid drug inside gelatin shell
29
What is an inhalant?
-drug deposited on respiratory mucosa and can dilate bronchi or reduce inflammation
-used in treatment for asthma or COPD
30
What are suppositories?
-drug that is inserted into body orifice
-dissolves and releases drug
-used for local or systemic effect
31
What is a solution?
-drug is dissolved in liquid
-rapidly absorbed
32
What is a suspension?
-drug is in liquid in small particles
-does not dissolve
-must be shaken
-administered PO only
33
What is a transdermal patch?
-applied to skin
-absorbed in bloodstream
-water resistant
-releases drug gradually over time
34
What are the classifications of drugs?
-antiemetics
-analgesics
-anesthetics
-antiarrhythmics
-antibiotics
-anticoagulant
-antidiabetic
-vasodilators
-antihistamines
-antihyperlipidemic
-antihypertensives
-corticosteroids
-diuretics
-thrombolytics
-vasocontrictors
35
What are antimetics?
used to prevent or relieve nausea or vomiting
EX. haldol, compazine, phenergen, reglan, zofran, benadryl, meclizine
36
What are analgesics?
used to relieve pain without causing loss of consciousness
37
What are the 2 groups of analgesics?
1. nonopioids / nonnarcotic
2. opioids / narcotics
38
What are nonopioids / nonnarcotics?
used for mild to moderate pain and does not cause physical dependence
EX. acetaminophen
39
What are opioids / narcotics?
used for moderate to severe pain, can lead to physical dependence
EX. oxycodone, hydrocodone, morphine
40
What is Narcan?
antagonist to opioid overdose
aka naloxone
41
What is primary vascular pharmacology?
aka essential
anything that increases vascular pressure causing the heart to work harder as it pumps against increased resistance
EX. genetics, obesity, artherosclerosis
42
What is secondary vascular pharmacology?
associated with renal function disease, endocrine/adrenal disorders, excessive alcohol, steroids
43
What are the types of blood pressure medications?
diuretics, beta blockers, vasodilators, calcium channel blockers
44
What do diuretics do?
reduce blood volume
45
What do beta blockers do?
slow heartbeat and dilate vessels
46
What do vasodilators do?
dilate vessels
EX nitro
47
What do calcium channel blockers do?
slow heartbeat, reduce conduction irritability, dilate vessels
48
What are diuretics?
group of drugs that promote water loss from body into urine, most common is lasix
49
What are thrombolytic drugs / tissue plasminogen activators (TPA)?
they dissolve preformed blood clots by fibronolysis, used in management of PE, DVT, IV administration
50
What are vasoconstrictors?
used to constrict blood vessels, raises blood pressure, can be used to treat shock
EX norepinephrine
51
What are anticoagulants?
blood thinners, used to prolong bleeding time and prevent harmful clots from forming in vessels
52
What are the types of anticoagulants?
heparin, lovenox, coumadin/warfarin, plavix, aspirin
53
What is heparin?
found in liver naturally, medication is animal extract, increases length of clotting time, prevents thrombi from forming or enlarging (IV)
54
What is lovenox?
low molecular weight heparin, given by subq injection, better absorbed, safer
55
What is coumadin/warfarin?
oral, long term therapeutic blood thinner, can cause fetal malformations
56
What is plavix?
prevents platelets from binding together
57
When are blood tests to check bleeding times performed?
before invasive procedures when pt is on blood thinners (INR, PT, PTT)
58
What is type 1 diabetes?
insulin is absent and treated with insulin
59
What is type 2 diabetes?
insulin is deficient or there is insulin resistance and treated with insulin or drugs like metformin
60
What is metformin?
for pts with diabetes
61
What is an adverse side effect of metformin?
lactic acidosis
62
What is hyperlipidemia?
elevation of one or more of the lipoprotein levels in plasma
63
What are the major plasma lipids?
cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids
64
What are antihyperlipidemic agents?
meds that lower cholesterol, aka statins
EX lipitor, crestor, zocor
65
What is pharmacokinetics?
study of how a drug is absorbed, circulated, changed and leaves the body
66
What are the 4 basics of pharmacokinetics?
1. absorption
2. distribution
3. metabolim
4. excretion
67
What factors affect pharmacokinetics?
age, presence of disease, gender, genetics, weight, route/time of administration, interactions
68
What is pharmacodynamics?
study of how drugs impact the bod
69
What are the 4 types of adverse effects?
1. side effect
2. toxic effect
3. allergic reaction
4. idiosyncratic reaction
70
What is a side effect?
the drug acts on tissue other than the targeted ones that causes a response unrelated to intended action
71
What is toxic effect?
adverse drug effects related to dose of drug if dose is exceeded
72
What is an idiosyncratic reaction?
abnormal response to drug causes by individuals genetic makeup
73
What is drug toxicity?
drugs ability to poison by excessive dosing
EX coma from OD of morphine
74
What is teratogenic?
able to cause birth defects in fetuses
75
What is hepatotoxic?
drugs that cause destruction of the liver
76
What is hypersensitivity?
allergic response to drug, requires immune state of host
77
What is prophylaxis?
drug or other treatment given to prevent a disease
78
What is an intradermal injection?
given just below skin surface, 15 degree angle
EX TB test
79
What is a subcutaneous injection?
given just below skin, 45 degree angle
Ex. heparin, insulin
80
What is an intramuscular injection?
injected into muscles, most rapid absorption, 90 degree angle
81
What is an antibacterial drug?
kills bacteria
82
What is vancomycin?
drug of choice for drug resistant staphylococcus and clostridium infections
83
What are antiviral drugs?
vaccines
Ex. flu, covid, Hep A/B/C
84
What is a virus?
tiny genetic parasites that require host cell to replicate and spread, it damages cell by blocking normal protein synthesis
85
What are mycrotic/mycotic infections?
fungal infections that overtake the immune system
86
What is toxoplasmosis?
parasite found in cat feces, causes birth defects and infections
87
What are the types of parasitic worms?
roundworms, flatworms, arthopods, hookworms
88
What are the male sex hormones?
aka androgens
produced by testes and adrenal cortex
testosterone is most abundant
89
What are synthetic androgens used for?
Men: correct hypogonadism, cryptorchidism, and low sperm production
Women: treatment of breast engorgement, endometriosis, fibrocystic breast disorder
Ex. androderm, halotestin, testred
90
What are estrogens?
-estradiol
-ovaries are primary source
91
What are the synthetic forms of estradiol?
premarin, estrace, estraderm, menest
92
What are the side effects of synthetic estrogens?
hypercoagulation, fetal malformations
93
What are synthetic progesterones?
can help regulate menstrual cycles and fertility
Ex, depoprovera, progestin
94
What is terbutaline sulfate?
uterine relaxant that works to stop preterm labor, injectable or IV
95
What is magnesium sulfate?
used through IV to prevent seizures in preeclamptic pts and stop preterm labor, pt must remain hospitalized
96
What is oxytocin (pitocin)?
released by posterior pituitary gland to stimulate labor, can be given through IV to start contractions/labor
97
What are the endocrine glands?
pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, hypothalamus, thymus
98
What drugs are used for the pituitary gland?
vasopressin, oxytocin
99
What drugs are used for the thyroid gland?
synthroid, levothyroxine
100
What is glucagon?
triggers release of stored liver glycogen to blood glucose
101
What is insulin?
triggers blood glucose to convert to stored glycogen
102
What are steroids?
drugs that suppress an acute inflammatory reaction and for immunosuppression
Ex. betamethasone, hydrocortisone, prednisone, prenisolone
103
What are minerals (electrolytes)?
necessary for normal body functions, bone formation, conduction of nerves, myocardial and skeletal muscle contraction, blood clotting
(Calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, magnesium, chlorine, zinc, fluoride)
104
