Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Gastrointestinal > Infectious Diarrhea > Flashcards

Infectious Diarrhea Flashcards

1
Q

Causative agent of salmonellosis

A

Salmonella bongori
Salmonella enterica

GNR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Reservoir of salmonellosis (6)

A 
poultry is most common
pet reptiles
swine
cows
rodents
pets
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

General of Salmonellosis

A

An acute, febrile, bacterial diarrhea typically caused by consumption of raw or undercooked poultry products (meat, eggs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Sequelae of Salmonellosis

A
  • Irritable bowel syndrome

- Reactive arthritis (Reiter syndrome - can’t see, can’t pee, can’t climb a tree)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Diagnostics of Salmonellosis

A

Stool culture is gold standard

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Management of Salmonellosis

A
  • Usually supportive

- Antibiotics in severe cases (high risk groups) x 7-14 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Causative organisms of Shigellosis (4)

A
  • Shigella dysenteriae – more aggressive
  • Shigella flexneri – less-developed nations
  • Shigella boydii
  • Shigella sonnei – developed nations, milder disease

GNR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Reservoirs of Shigellosis

A

contaminated water, food,

produce grown where sewage used as fertilizer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Salmonellosis clinical manifestations

A

Fever
Bloody diarrhea

Invasive disease: bacteremia, meningitis, septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, sickle cell patients are at particular risk of bone complications

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Shigellosis rapidly spreads in…

A 
military campaigns 
day care centers
prisons
refugee camps
households
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Shigellosis clinical manifestations

A

Anorexia
Tenesmus
Non-bloody diarrhea initially becoming mucoid and bloody

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Complications of Shigellosis

A

hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) – rare (more common with E. coli)
bacteremia
seizures (in children)
reactive arthritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

AKA shigellosis name

A

bacillary dysentery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Diagnostics of Shigellosis

A
  • Index of suspicion: bloody diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, and small, frequent stool volumes
  • Stool culturing or testing using PCR
  • Fecal leukocytes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Management of Shigellosis

A

Avoid antispasmodics

ABX

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Name of the disease with the shiga toxin

A

shigellosis, EHEC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Causative organisms of campylobacter

A

Campylobacter jejuni

GNR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Reservoirs for campylobacter

A
  • GI tract of animals and livestock (MC is poultry – including undercooked and raw)
  • Raw or unpasteurized milk
  • Chicken pate
  • Food in contact with the above
  • Domestic dogs and cats can also be culprits
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Clinical manifestations of Campylobacter

A

Prodrome of fever, malaise, abdominal pain and cramps

watery diarrhea that becomes bloody

self-limiting up to 7 days

Pseudoappendicitis with RUQ pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Complications of Campylobacter

A

Guillain-Barre syndrome (ascending paralysis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Enterohemorrhagic diarrhea causative agent

A

Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Transmission of EHEC occurs with ingestion of…

A

green leafy vegetables
undercooked meat
raw milk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Reservoirs of EHEC

A

ruminants

cattle MC

Can also be goats, sheep, deer, elk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Clinical manifestations of EHEC

A

bloody diarrhea
fever is ABSENT
abdominal pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Diagnostics of EHEC
bloody diarrhea, abdominal pain, and lack of fever
26
EHEC complications
hemolytic uremic syndrome
27
Causative organisms of Yersiniosis
Yersinia enterocolitica Yersinia pseudotuberculosis GNR
28
Reservoirs of Yersiniosis
``` Pigs (most important) rodents rabbits sheep horses dogs, and cats ```
29
Transmission of Yersiniosis
handling or consuming undercooked pork – esp. chitterlings raw or unpasteurized milk contaminated water
30
Presentation of Yersinia enterocolitica
Presents like everything else Acute, febrile, bacterial diarrhea Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and bloody diarrhea
31
Presentation of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
Pseudoappendicitis, occasionally without diarrhea
32
Clinical manifestations of Yersiniosis
Infants and children usually present with more severe disease may progress to necrotizing enterocolitis
33
Causative organism of Pseudomembranous colitis
Clostridium difficile GPR
34
AKA of Pseudomembranous colitis
Antibiotic-associated colitis
35
Pseudomembranous colitis clinical manifestations
Wipe out all normally present intestinal flora and replaces it with C. difficile
36
unique feature of Pseudomembranous colitis
superinfection with toxin production
37
Most common ABX of Pseudomembranous colitis
- Clindamycin - Ampicillin - Cephalosporins (second- and third-generation) - Fluoroquinolones
38
Diarrhea characteristics of Pseudomembranous colitis
Mild to moderate greenish, foul-smelling watery diarrhea 5-15 times per day (usually no blood or mucus)
39
Severe cases of Pseudomembranous colitis
Hemodynamic compromise secondary to volume depletion toxic megacolon with risk of perforation
40
Stool studies of Pseudomembranous colitis
Nucleic acid amplification tests (PCR assays) for TcdB toxin have higher sensitivity (97%)
41
Labs of Pseudomembranous colitis suggesting negative outcomes
- Leukocytosis (> 30,000/mcL) - Hypoalbuminemia (< 2.5 g/dl) - Elevated serum lactate - Azotemia
42
Treatment of Pseudomembranous colitis
Metronidazole (Preferred first-line agent for mild-moderate disease) CHEAP Vancomycin (IV vancomycin does not penetrate bowel, hence oral administration) ORAL ONLY, use if have bad prognostics
43
Treatment of refractory Pseudomembranous colitis
Fecal transplantation
44
Causative agent of Amebiasis
Entamoeba histolytica
45
Transmission of Amebiasis
fecal-oral (contaminated water/food, anal-oral sexual contact)
46
Morphology of Amebiasis
Amebia! Trophozoite: - Motile - Bull’s eye shaped nucleus, with red blood cells in the cytoplasm
47
Clinical manifestations of Amebiasis
Liver abscesses and RUQ pain | Possible toxic megacolon and intestinal rupture
48
Treatment of Amebiasis
Metronidazone - esp. if liver abscess present
49
Causative organism of Norovirus
Norovirus
50
AKA of Norovirus
“Norwalk virus” “Winter Vomiting Bug” “Stomach flu”
51
Norovirus unique features
Extremely contagious virus - viral gastroenteritis outbreaks: cruise ships, daycare, nursing homes, school
52
Causative organism of Rotavirus
Rotavirus
53
Viral properties of Rotavirus
Double-stranded RNA virus
54
MCC of childhood diarrhea
rotavirus
55
Staphylococcal food poisoning transmission
meats, dairy, mayonnaise, and bakery products (cream pastries)
56
Prevention of rotavirus
2 different vaccines available
57
Staphylococcal food poisoning commonly seen in...
summer months
58
Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) aka
Traveler’s Diarrhea, Montezuma’s Revenge, Delhi Belly, Turista
59
Transmission of ETEC
consumption of contaminated foodstuffs drinking contaminated water or ice
60
MCC of traveler's diarrhea
ETEC: enterotoxigenic E. coli
61
Toxins of ETEC
1: heat stable enterotoxin (ST) 2: heat labile enterotoxin (LT)
62
ETEC clinical manifestations
NO BLOOD NO MUCOUS see profuse watery diarrhea
63
Bacillus cereus bacterial characteristics
- Motile - Non-encapsulated - Resistant to PCN
64
2 types of Bacillus cereus
Heat-stable form | Heat-labile form
65
ETEC management drug
pepto-bismol and has mild antimicrobial activity
66
Preferred ABX for Rx for a patient prior to travel for ETEC prevention
Azithromycin
67
Third most common cause of foodborne illness in United States
Clostridium perfringens
68
Clostridium perfringens transmission
consumption of cooked meat or poultry that is allowed to cool without proper refrigeration
69
Clostridium perfringens bacterial characteristics
releases 12 various destructive enzymes
70
One subtype of C. perfringes that leads to...
jejunal hemorrhagic necrosis
71
AKA of cholera
blue death
72
Causative organism of cholera
Vibrio cholerae
73
Transmission of cholera
naturally contaminated shellfish
74
Voluminous “gray” fluid diarrhea (“rice water stools”) with flecks of mucus
cholera
75
Severe cases of cholera results in...
Hypovolemic shock with electrolyte abnormalities Patients may lose 10-20 liters per day Renal failure Sunken eyes, loss of skin turgor, sunken fontanelles
76
ABX Tx of Cholera
Azithromycin (1st choice in pregnancy and children) | doxycycline
77
Management of cholera
Vaccine! for high risk exposure
78
Vibriosis causative organism
Vibrio parahaemolyticus Vibrio vulnificus GNR
79
Vibriosis infections are worse in...
immunocompromised, chornic hepatic dysfunction, and alcoholics
80
Suspect ____ in watery diarrhea that begins shortly after eating raw or undercooked shellfish
Vibriosis - GI disease Vibrio parahemolyticus
81
Vibriosis is found in...
brackish water with undercooked/raw shellfish
82
Wound infections after swimmin in marine/brackish waters
Vibrio vulnificus
83
Vibrio vulnificus results in...
cellulitis that spreads rapidly causing hemorrhagic bullae
84
Septicemia, high fevers/chills, rapid onset of shock, high mortality
Vibrio vulnificus
85
Management of Virbiosis
Doxycycline OR Minocycline and ceftriaxone
86
Causative agent of giardiasis
Giardia lamblia | aka Beaver fever
87
MC intestinal parasite disease in the United States
Giardia lamblia
88
Foul-smelling, greasy diarrhea (with high fat content) and abdominal gassy distention
Giardia lamblia
89
Drinking questionable water
Giardia lamblia
90
First line of giardiasis
metronidazole | tinidazole (second line/on way to first)

Gastrointestinal (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions