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Patient Care 1 > Infectious Agents > Flashcards

Infectious Agents Flashcards

1
Q

what is an infectious agent?

A

organism capable of producing infectious disease

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2
Q

types of infectious agents?

A 
bacteria 
viruses
protozoa
fungi 
parasites - endo/ecto
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3
Q

bacteria shapes?

A

SINGLE CELLES

Bacilli - rods
- vibrio - curved rods

Cocci - spheres

  • diplococci - spherical pairs
  • streptococci - spherical chain
  • staphylococci - spherical clusters

spirilla - spirals with rigid cell wall
spirochaete - spiral with flexible cell wall

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4
Q

main components of bacteria?

A

capsule

  • protection (eg from WBCs)
  • allow for sticking (eg to resp tract walls)

pilus

  • spikes
  • protection and sticking

flagella
- allow for movement

cell wall
- provide strength and structure

plasma membrane
- semi-permeable membrane

cytoplasm
- what organelles are within

ribosomes
- for protein synthesis

nucleoid

  • 1 single chromosome
  • no nucleus

plasmids

  • extra piece of DNA
  • can be assed on
  • contain learned information
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5
Q

gram stains?

A

gram positive bacteria

  • purple
  • thick cell wall - absorbed more die

gram negative bacteria

  • pink/red
  • thin cell wall - less absorption
  • but have double player of plasma membrane
  • so better resistance
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6
Q

bacterial replication?

A

binary fission

  • duplication of chromosome
  • divide into two identical cells

conjugation

  • passing on of plasmids
  • pilus binds to receptor site of receiver
  • plasmid replicates and passes through pilus
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7
Q

optimal conditions for bacteria?

A

water
essential nutrients
correct pH - usually 7.4
correct temperature - optimum is body temp

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8
Q

optimal conditions for bacteria?

A

water match human conditions
essential nutrients
correct pH - usually 7.4
correct temperature - optimum is body temp
correct gaseous environment
- obligate aerobes - must have oxygen
- obligate anaerobes - can’t have oxygen
- facultative anaerobes - doesn’t matter
- microaerophiles - oxygen percentage less than atmospheric air

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9
Q

bacteria spore function?

A

occur when conditions are not met - enables survival
process
- chromosome replicates
- septum forms
- produces a forespore within the mother cell
- spore coat forms around the forespore
- released by rupture of patent cell

most common with bracillus species 
often found in soil
extremely resistant 
- can survive be dormant for years 
- then will germinate and replicate

sterilisation is only way t destroy them

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10
Q

bacteria toxigenicity?

A

toxin = poisonous substances that damage host cells

exotoxins

  • released into the surrounding environment
  • eg circulatory system
  • can be destroyed by some chemicals and heat
  • toxoids (inactive exotoxins) stimulate antitoxins (vaccines)

endotoxins

  • released when bacteria die and disintegrate
  • part of their cell wall
  • responsible for non-specific reactions (eg fever)
  • can cause endotoxicc shock (type of distributive shock)
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11
Q

bacilli examples?

A

contagious equine metritis (-ve)
tetanus (+ve)
anthrax (+ve)

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12
Q

contagious equine metritis (CEM)?

A

inflammation in the uterus and vaginal tract
passed from stallion to mare

uterine contains mucopurulent exudate
- drains from vulva
straw colour fluid within cranial vagina

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13
Q

tetanus?

A

toxins within the nervous system
- eventually travels to brain

commonly caused by spores from soil or each other

causes muscle spasms and still gait 
top of tail sticks out 
worried expression 
rigid ears
prolapsed third eyelid 
flared nostrils
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14
Q

anthrax?

A

toxins enter thrugh wounds or ingestion

can be released or travel anywhere in body

in CSF affecting nervous system
or skin causing blister

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15
Q

clocci examples?

A

strangles

MRSA

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16
Q

strangles?

A

caused by direct contact

effects lymph nodes at head 
- causes abscesses 
can place pressure on the respiratory tract 
can burst and/or spread around body 
- can be fatal
17
Q

MRSA?

A

lives healthily on human skin
- uncontrolled growth when immunocompromised

can enter wounds

  • release toxins
  • cause a necrotic wound
18
Q

spirals examples?

A 
leptospirosis (-ve)
lymes disease (-ve)
19
Q

leptospirosis?

A

zoonotic
from rats and dirty water
cause liver and kidney failure

20
Q

lymes disease?

A

zoonotic
from ticks
affect nervous system

21
Q

what is a virus?

A

obligate intracellular parasites

must invade host in order to replicate and survive

22
Q

main components of a virus?

A

is composed of two parts

  • nucleic acid (DNA or RNA)
  • capsid - protein coat

can be enveloped or non-enveloped

  • envelope made of plasma membrane from host
  • protects
  • may have protein spikes that help enter host cell
23
Q

virus replication?

A

virus attaches to a suitable receptor cell

virus penetrates cell membrane and injects nucleic acid into cell

viral nucleic acid replicates using host cellular machinery

new viral nucleic acids are packaged into viral particles and released from the cell
- the host cell will be destroyed in the process

24
Q

virus incubation?

A

once a host cell has been infected there is a lag time before symptoms are seen
- called incubation period

clinical signs are seen once a large number of particles infect a large number of cells

25
Q

virus examples?

A

rabies (RNA) enveloped
parvovirus (DNA) - non-enveloped
equine herpes virus (DNA) - enveloped

26
Q

rabies?

A

Aggression rabies

  • foaming from mouth
  • passed on by bites

paralytic rabies
- paralysed

not in UK
attacks nervous system
can be fatal

27
Q

parvovirus?

A

attacks GI system

replicates in GI cells

  • destroys them
  • so can’t take in nutrients
  • causes extreme diarrhoea
28
Q

equine herpes virus?

A

5 strains

attack many areas

  • respiration system
  • nervous system
  • reproduction system
29
Q

what is a protozoa?

A

the lowest form of animal life

  • unicellular organisms
  • move, intake nutrients, dispose of products

reproduce via binary fission

attack many ways/areas

  • so many different side effects
  • attacks different body systems

Patient Care 1 (22 decks)

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